A science that seeks to determine the shape and size of the Earth, and pursues changes in these shapes and sizes, while also working with other scientific fields to explore the structure and state of the Earth's interior. Geodesy also includes research into the development of instruments used in geodetic observations, and methods for reducing observation results (methods of recalculating a large amount of observational data, including errors, into more accurate, mutually consistent, unified results based on theory). The contents of geodesy are currently broadly divided into the following categories: (1) Geometric geodesy: This theory considers the shape of the Earth to be a spheroid, and focuses on determining the longitude and latitude and altitude of an observation point from the results of astronomical observations and geodetic surveys, and then using that to determine the shape and size of the ellipsoid representing the Earth, thereby clarifying the relative positions of the observation point and the Earth. (2) Physical geodesy: The shape of the Earth is represented by the geoid, and the focus is on determining the shape and unevenness of the geoid based on the distribution of gravity values on the Earth's surface, and on determining the relative positions of observation points and the geoid. (3) Satellite geodesy Geodesy is a method of determining the position of an observation point geometrically by observing the position and distance of an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth from the ground, or determining the shape of the Earth using the theory of satellite motion based on the orbital changes of the artificial satellite. This also includes geodesy using Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Geodesy is one of the oldest academic disciplines, and is said to have begun when Eratosthenes of Egypt calculated the total length of the Earth's meridians to be 250,000 stadia around 220 B.C. Initially, the Earth was thought to be a sphere, but advances in geodesy confirmed that it is closer to a flattened ellipsoid in the 18th century, and today its precise shape has been revealed. [Nagasawa Takumi] "Introduction to Geodesy, by Hagiwara Yukio (1982, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Methods of Geodesy, by Ohno Shigeyasu (1987, Toyo Shoten)" ▽ "New Edition of Geoscience Education Lectures 1: Measuring the Earth, by Fujii Yoichiro, Fujiwara Yoshiki, and Mizuno Hiroo, edited by the Geology Group Research Association (1994, Tokai University Press)" ▽ "Portraits of Scientists Who Measured the Earth: A Brief History of the Development of Geodesy and Maps, by Danbara Tsuyoshi (1998, Japan Surveying Association)" ▽ "Is it true that the Earth is round? 50 Questions for Geodesists, edited by Okubo Shuhei, supervised by the Japan Geodetic Society (2004, Asahi Sensho)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地球の形、大きさを求め、その変化を追求するとともに、他の科学分野と協力して地球内部の構造や状態を探求する学問。測地観測に使用する機器の開発、観測結果の整約法(誤差を含むたくさんの観測データを理論に基づき、より正確で相互に矛盾のない統一した結果に計算し直す方法)についての研究も測地学に含まれる。測地学の内容は現在次のように大別されている。 (1)幾何測地学 地球の形を回転楕円(だえん)体であるとし、天文観測、測地測量などの結果から観測点の経緯度、高さを決め、それをもとに地球を表す楕円体の形と大きさを決定し、観測点と地球との位置関係を明らかにすることを中心とする。 (2)物理測地学 地球の形をジオイドで代表させ、地表の重力値の分布をもとにジオイドの形、凹凸を求め、観測点とジオイドの位置関係を求めることを主題とする。 (3)人工衛星測地学 地球を回る人工衛星の位置、距離を地上から観測することから、観測点の位置を幾何学的に決め、あるいは人工衛星の軌道変化をもとに衛星の運動理論を使って地球の形状を決定していく測地学。全地球測位システム(GPS)衛星を利用する測地学もここに含まれる。 測地学はもっとも古い学問の一つで、エジプトのエラトステネスが紀元前220年ごろに地球子午線の全長として25万スタジアという値を出したことに始まるといわれる。初期には球と考えられた地球も、測地学の進歩によって18世紀には扁平な楕円体により近いことが確認され、現在ではさらに精密な形状が明らかになっている。 [長沢 工] 『萩原幸男著『測地学入門』(1982・東京大学出版会)』▽『大野重保著『測地学の方法』(1987・東洋書店)』▽『藤井陽一郎・藤原嘉樹・水野浩雄著、地学団体研究会編『新版地学教育講座1 地球をはかる』(1994・東海大学出版会)』▽『檀原毅著『地球を測った科学者の群像 測地・地図の発展小史』(1998・日本測量協会)』▽『日本測地学会監修、大久保修平編著『地球が丸いってほんとうですか?――測地学者に50の質問』(2004・朝日選書)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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