Code debate

Japanese: 法典論争 - ほうてんろんそう
Code debate

This is a debate over whether or not to enact or implement a legal code, and generally refers to the code debate in Germany in the early 19th century and in Japan at the end of the 19th century. In Japan, the Civil Code and Commercial Code, which were promulgated in 1890 (Meiji 23), were fiercely debated, dividing not only those in power but also the nation into those in favor of postponing it and those in favor of carrying it out. This code debate is also individually called the "Commercial Code Controversy" or the "Civil Code Controversy," and since the focus of the debate was on the Civil and Corporate Affairs section, it is sometimes commonly referred to as the "Civil Code Controversy." The background to the controversy was that the compilation of the Civil and Commercial Codes was hastily carried out and the drafts were not thoroughly reviewed due to the Meiji government's intention to complete the compilation of the various codes before the opening of the Diet and its close connection with the negotiations for treaty revision, and furthermore, the year before the promulgation of the two codes, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, which was influenced by the Prussian Constitution and had a conservative character, was enacted and this came to serve as the standard for the compilation of the code. In 1889, the Association of Law Students of the English School, organized by graduates of the Imperial University's Law School, published "Opinions on Codification" in which they advocated caution in the compilation of the code, sparking a fierce debate between the English and French schools of law. As the draft was drafted by a foreigner named Boissonade, the focus of the debate was on the fact that the bill did not take Japanese folk customs into sufficient consideration, the provisions were lengthy, and there was a lack of uniformity between the various codes, but the section on civil and corporation matters in particular was problematic as it was believed to destroy the family system, which is a uniquely Japanese tradition and beautiful custom.In the end, the Third Reich Diet in 1892 decided to postpone the implementation of both the Civil Code and the Commercial Code until December 31, 1896 in order to make amendments, and the debate ended with a victory for those in favor of postponement.

[Yoshii Aio]

German Code Controversy

This refers to the debate between Thibaut and Savigny in the early 19th century, triggered by the rise of the German unification movement, over whether or not a national unified legal code should be established. After Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig in 1813 and Germany being liberated from his oppression, the German unification movement, which aimed to obtain national freedom, gained momentum. Thibaut, who was a professor at the University of Heidelberg at the time, was inspired by the sight of the retreating French army and published a pamphlet entitled "On the necessity of a general civil code for Germany" (Über die Notwendigkeit eines allgemeinen bürgerlichen Rechts für Deutschland) in June of the same year. In it, he argued that in order to unify Germany, which was divided into territorial states, it was first necessary to create a unified code of private law, criminal law, and procedural law (which he called the whole of these the civil code) based on the Austrian Civil Code and the French Civil Code, so that the whole of Germany would be governed by one law before the old political system was restored. Such arguments had been made as early as the 18th century, but given the political climate of the time, his passionate essays had a profound effect on scholars and politicians.

In response to this, Savigny, a professor at the University of Berlin, published a pamphlet entitled "On the Modern Mission of Legislation and Jurisprudence" (Vom Beruf unserer Zeit für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft) in the same year in rebuttal. This was the beginning of the Code Controversy. This essay became the manifesto of the historical school of law and had a great influence thereafter. According to Savigny, law, like language, customs, and institutions, is specific to a nation, and is generated naturally by the common consciousness of the nation (later called the Volksgeist), and cannot be created in a short period of time based on universal principles as Thibault said. Law is valuable because it is an expression of the common consciousness of a nation, so there is an unconscious unity inherent in it. This means that there is a guiding principle (a system constructed with precise concepts) in law. The common consciousness and conviction of a nation are left to the perception of lawyers, and law only comes into being through lawyers, not by a single legislator.

Therefore, the mission of modern jurisprudence is not to compile a code based on natural law reason as Thibault says, but to study past law, especially Roman law (Justinian's law), and discover guiding principles therein. If such guiding principles could be systematized as a code, it would be possible to deal with future situations, but the current state of jurisprudence is still immature and has not yet reached the stage of compiling such a code. The Prussian General Land Code is still worth referring to, but the Austrian Civil Code and the French Civil Code are useless. Moreover, they lack legal terminology that should be used in a code, and if a code were to be created in this state, it would end up being nothing more than a unification of German law other than Prussia and Austria. This is the gist of the counterargument.

Originally, this debate was debated in the context of the political situation at the time, but in reality, it was an academic debate as described above. After that, the path to a free nation-state was closed for Germany at the Congress of Vienna, and Thibaut's theory of codification was hardly taken into consideration. On the other hand, Savigny's theory had a great influence, eventually giving rise to Pandegtent jurisprudence and Germanic jurisprudence. In 1848, the movement for German unification rose again, and Thibaut's theory was taken up, but the national democratic revolution - the claim that a national code would unite all the citizens of Germany - never came to fruition. While Thibaut could be said to have been a revolutionary ethical actor, Savigny was a calm observer who maintained the status quo. Savigny's prediction that in the future academic culture (jurisprudence) would mature to the point of being able to create a national code was borne out in the subsequent history of Germany.

[Atsushi Sato]

"The Debate on the Code of Savigny and Thibaud, translated by Nagaba Masatoshi" (included in the first special edition of Waseda Law Review, 1930)""Collection of Materials on the Debate on the Civil Code, edited by Hoshino Toru (1969, Nippon Hyoronsha)""New Edition of the Legal Formation of Modern Japan, by Nakamura Kikuo (1963, Yushindo Kobunsha)" ▽ "Japanese Capitalist Society and Law: Studies on Japanese Capitalism II, by Hirano Yoshitaro (1971, Hosei University Press)""The Debate on the Code, by Nakamura Kichisaburo (included in Modern Japanese Legal Thought, edited by Kobayashi Naoki and Mizumoto Hiroshi, 1976, Yuhikaku)"

[References] | Savigny | Thibault | Code Investigation Committee | Code Compilation | Historical Law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

法典の制定ないしは施行の可否をめぐる論争で、一般的には、19世紀初頭のドイツおよび19世紀末の日本における法典論争をさす。日本では、1890年(明治23)公布の民法・商法両法典の実施可否をめぐって、権力内部はもとより、延期派、断行派に国論を二分して激しい論争が繰り広げられた。この法典論争は、個別に「商法典論争」あるいは「民法典論争」ともよばれ、また論争の焦点が民法人事編に置かれたこともあって、一般に「民法典論争」と通称されることもある。論争のおきた背景としては、国会開設前に諸法典の編纂(へんさん)を完了しようとする明治政府の意図と、条約改正交渉との密接な関連から、民法・商法両法典の編纂が拙速的に行われ、草案の審議が十分に尽くされなかったこと、さらにまた、両法典公布の前年には、プロイセン憲法の影響を受けた保守的性格をもつ大日本帝国憲法が制定され、これが法典編纂の基準として働くようになったことがあげられる。1889年、帝国大学法科大学の卒業生で組織されたイギリス法学派の法学士会が、「法典編纂ニ関スル意見書」を発表して法典編纂の慎重論を唱えると、これをきっかけにイギリス法学派とフランス法学派との間で激しい論戦が引き起こされた。草案の起草が外国人ボアソナードの手になったことなどから、日本の民俗慣習への顧慮が不十分であること、条文が冗長でかつ各法典間に統一を欠く点があることなどが論争の焦点となったが、とりわけ民法人事編は、日本固有の醇風(じゅんぷう)美俗たる家族制度を破壊するとして問題とされた。結局、1892年の第三帝国議会で、民法・商法両法典は、その修正を行うため1896年12月31日まで施行を延期することになり、論争は延期派の勝利に終わった。

[吉井蒼生夫]

ドイツの法典論争

19世紀初頭、ドイツ統一運動の高揚を契機に、全国的な統一法典を制定すべきか否かをめぐって、チボーとサビニーとの間に交わされた論争をさす。1813年ナポレオンがライプツィヒで大敗し、ドイツがその制圧から解放されると、民族的自由の獲得を目ざすドイツ統一運動が盛り上がった。当時ハイデルベルク大学教授だったチボーは、敗走するフランス軍をみて触発され、同年6月『ドイツのための一般民法典の必要について』Über die Notwendigkeit eines allgemeinen bürgerlichen Rechts für Deutschlandと題する小冊子を発表した。そのなかで彼は、領邦国家に分裂しているドイツを統一するためには政治的旧制が復活する前に、まずオーストリア民法典、フランス民法典を範として、私法、刑法、訴訟法(彼はこれら全体を民法とよぶ)について、ドイツ全体が一つの法で規律されるような統一法典をつくる必要があることを主張した。このような主張はすでに18世紀からみられたが、当時の政治情況にあって、彼の情熱的な論文は、学者や政治家に大きな感動を与えた。

 これに対し、ベルリン大学教授だったサビニーは、同年『立法および法律学に対する現代の使命について』Vom Beruf unserer Zeit für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaftと題する小冊子を発表して反論を行った。これが法典論争の始まりである。この論文は、歴史法学派の綱領論文ともなり、その後大きな影響を与えた。サビニーによれば、法は言語、風俗、制度と同じように民族に特有のものであり、民族の共同の意識(のちに民族精神Volksgeistとしている)によって自然に生成したものであって、チボーのいうように普遍的原理に基づいて、しかもわずかの期間でつくれるものではない。法はこのように民族の共同の意識が現れたものであるから価値があるので、そこには無意識のうちに統一が内在している。このことは、法のなかに指導原理(正確な概念で組み立てられた体系)のあることを意味する。民族の共同の意識と民族の確信は法律家の認識にゆだねられ、法律家を通じて初めて法律が発生するのであり、1人の立法者によってではない。

 そこで、現在の法律学の使命は、チボーのいうような自然法的な理性に基づく法典の編纂ではなく、過去の法とくにローマ法(ユスティニアヌスの法)を研究して、そこに指導原理を発見することにある。このような指導原理を法典として体系化できれば将来起こる事態に対処できることになるが、法律学の現状はまだ未熟であってそのような法典編纂の段階に至っていない。プロイセン一般ラント法はまだ参照に値するが、オーストリア民法典やフランス民法典は役にたたない。しかも法典に用いられるべき法律用語に欠けており、このような状態で法典をつくれば、実際問題としてプロイセン、オーストリア以外のドイツの法を統一したにすぎない結果となってしまう。以上が反論の要旨である。

 本来この論争は当時の政治情勢のなかで論じられたものであったが、その内実においては以上のように学問的論争であった。その後、ウィーン会議においてドイツは、自由な国民国家への道が閉ざされ、チボーの法典編纂論はほとんど顧みられることがなかった。他方、サビニーの理論は大きな影響を与え、やがてパンデクテン法学とゲルマン法学を生み出すことになった。1848年に至って、ふたたびドイツ統一運動が高揚し、そこでチボーの理論が取り上げられたが、国民民主主義革命――国民的法典によって全ドイツの国家市民を結集するという主張はついに実現することはなかった。チボーが革命的倫理的行為者であったといえるのに対し、サビニーは現状を維持する冷静な観察者であった。将来、学問文化(法律学)が国民的法典をつくることができるまで成熟するであろうというサビニーの予言は、その後のドイツの歴史のなかで実証されることとなった。

[佐藤篤士]

『長場正利訳「ザヴィニー、ティボー法典論議」(『早稲田法学』別冊第一巻所収・1930)』『星野通編著『民法典論争資料集』(1969・日本評論社)』『中村菊男著『新版近代日本の法的形成』(1963・有信堂高文社)』『平野義太郎著『日本資本主義社会と法律 日本資本主義研究Ⅱ』(1971・法政大学出版局)』『中村吉三郎著『法典論争』(小林直樹・水本浩編『現代日本の法思想』所収・1976・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | サビニー | チボー | 法典調査会 | 法典編纂 | 歴史法学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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