People's Bank of China
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It is the central bank of the People's Republic of China and reports directly to the State Council. It is called "Renhang" in Chinese and abbreviated as PBOC (People's Bank Of China) in English. [Katsuhiro Hirano] HistoryIt was established in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province on December 1, 1948 by the North China People's Government, integrating three border banks in the liberated areas: the Bank of North China at its core, the Bank of Beihai, and the Northwest Peasants' Bank, and was reorganized as the central bank when the People's Republic of China was established in 1949. Since its inception, in addition to its duties as an issuing bank, it has undertaken a wide range of duties, including acting as agent for the national treasury, determining national interest rates, managing the supply of currency, supervising and guiding financial institutions, managing gold and silver, and managing foreign exchange through the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, as well as accepting savings and deposits from the general public, providing deposit and loan services and transfer settlements with various companies and organizations, and managing the wage funds paid by various companies and organizations to their workers. It also acted as an agent for managing the Bank of China, China's only bank specializing in foreign exchange, based on the guidance of the State Council. For a long time since its establishment, the People's Bank of China was characterized by its concurrent operation of central banking, ordinary banking, and savings banking. However, as economic reform and opening-up progressed from 1979 onwards, in the 1980s, emphasis was placed on separating finance and monetary affairs and utilizing banking functions from the perspective of effective capital utilization. In January 1984, the ordinary banking and savings banking divisions of the People's Bank were separated from the bank and established as the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, and the main role of the People's Bank of China has been to function as a central bank. Furthermore, from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, the reform of the financial system and the strengthening of the central banking functions were advocated as a central theme. The four major state-owned commercial banks (Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, People's Construction Bank, Agricultural Bank of China, and Bank of China) were allowed to share business areas, new joint-stock banks such as Bank of Communications were established, and credit cooperatives, which are cooperative-type organizations in urban and rural areas, were reorganized and consolidated, and the People's Bank of China's authority and responsibility for supervision were expanded. [Katsuhiro Hirano] Financial Reforms of the 1990sIn 1993, the State Council formally decided on financial system reform. In 1994, Zhu Rongji, then Vice Premier of the State Council, who also served as Governor of the People's Bank of China, set out a wide-ranging economic reform policy, of which financial system reform was positioned as the most important pillar. With the enactment of the Commercial Banking Law, the government moved towards a self-supporting accounting system to streamline the management of state-owned commercial banks, while measures were taken to strengthen the People's Bank of China's guidance of financial institutions. In addition, against the backdrop of high inflation at the time, emphasis was placed on strengthening macroeconomic control through central bank functions such as managing the money supply and adjusting interest rates. In March 1995, the Law of the People's Republic of China and the People's Bank of China was approved by the National People's Congress (abbreviated as the NPC, the equivalent of Japan's Diet), and the People's Bank established its status as a central bank for the first time based on national legislation. In March 1998, Zhu Rongji, who had been appointed Premier of the State Council, officially launched the so-called "three major reforms," with financial reform becoming the main pillar of economic reform, along with administrative reform and corporate reform. Zhu Rongji set a three-year time limit for these reforms and pushed them forward with an unwavering determination. The main points of the reforms are as follows: (1) Matters relating to the expansion of monetary policy tools: Reform of the reserve requirement ratio system, expansion of the fluctuation range of lending interest rates, and strengthening of foreign exchange controls, including crackdown on illegal outflows of foreign currency. (2) Expanding financial institutions' autonomy and discretionary power and fostering a competitive environment. Eliminating lending restrictions for the big four commercial banks, expanding business areas to include consumer finance, and authorizing foreign bank branches to conduct RMB business. (3) Strengthening supervision of financial institutions. Tighter classification standards for financial institutions' claims, crackdowns on illegal financial institutions and illegal financial activities, etc. (4) Disposal of non-performing assets and restructuring of financial institutions. Disposal of non-performing loans through the injection of huge amounts of public funds, drastic reductions in the number of branches and employees of state-owned commercial banks, and reorganization and consolidation of underperforming financial institutions. (5) Nurturing and strengthening management of finance-related sectors: Enacting a securities law and considering the formulation of an insurance law, etc. [Katsuhiro Hirano] Reform of the People's Bank of ChinaThe main driving force behind this financial system reform was the People's Bank of China, the central bank, but the People's Bank itself was also an important target of the reform. At the National Branch Heads Conference held in Beijing in November 1998, the People's Bank of China decided to abolish provincial-level branches and set up nine branches (regional branches - regional branches) to administer financial affairs across regions, as well as to implement major reforms including organizational reform of the head office. The purpose of establishing these nine regional branches was stated by Wen Jiabao (then Vice Premier and Secretary of the Party Central Financial Work Committee) at the branch heads conference as follows: "It will help strengthen the authority of the central bank in implementing monetary policy and strengthen the independence of financial supervision and management, unify the supervision and management team across provincial boundaries, break away from interference from various quarters, take strict disciplinary action against financial institutions and those responsible that violate regulations, and improve the efficiency of financial supervision and management." Thus, the main aim of the reform was to eliminate the drawbacks of local governments exercising great influence over the financial administration and lending decisions of provincial-level sub-banks, even over sub-bank personnel affairs, which had previously led to the so-called "directive lending" system, and to ensure that central government policies and management of local finance were in place. This regional separation system was modeled on the US Federal Reserve System (FRB), and emerged as a proposal during the 1994 reforms. However, it was postponed due to opposition from local forces and difficulties in reconciling opinions regarding the division of the jurisdiction of each sub-bank. However, the lessons learned from the Asian currency crisis that occurred in mid-1997 made it clear that there was a strong need for the central bank to strengthen its supervision and management of financial institutions, and this was finally realized. Further reforms of the People's Bank were carried out in line with the proposal for reform of the administrative management system and institutions of the State Council and other bodies passed by the Second Plenary Session of the Communist Party of China (the Second Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee) and the National People's Congress in 2003. In other words, the China Banking Regulatory Commission was newly established as a national agency to supervise, manage, and guide banks, financial asset management companies, trust investment companies, and other savings and savings financial institutions, and those functions that had previously been performed by the People's Bank were separated from the People's Bank. In December 2003, the Standing Committee of the NPC approved the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China (Amended)," which incorporated the above reforms, and this law serves as the basis for the current status, business operations, authority, and responsibilities of the People's Bank. Article 2 of the law clearly states that the functions of the People's Bank are to "establish and implement monetary policy, prevent and eliminate financial risks, and ensure financial stability, under the guidance of the State Council." Currently, after the above-mentioned reforms, the People's Bank of China is strengthening its macroeconomic control function through monetary policy, which has become its most important role. Its main policy tools are (1) raising or lowering lending and deposit interest rates, (2) raising or lowering the reserve requirement ratio, (3) quantitative restrictions on bank lending through "window guidance" and other such measures, (4) adjustments through intervention in the renminbi exchange rate, and (5) open market operations. However, at present, the institutions and systems necessary for these monetary adjustment tools to function effectively, such as the interbank call market (the short-term funds market between banks) and the secondary bond market, are immature, and the rapid development of these systems is an extremely important task for the People's Bank of China to further fully utilize its functions in the future. [Katsuhiro Hirano] Organization OverviewBank President (President)The head of the People's Bank, the Governor, is a cabinet post in the State Council (the body responsible for administrative affairs), and is currently held by Zhou Xiaochuan (1948-). Prior to assuming his position, he worked at the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, and is well versed in international economics and finance, and is known as one of the brains behind former Premier Zhu Rongji. He was appointed Governor in December 2002 (reappointed in March 2008) after serving as President of China Construction Bank in 1998 and Chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission in February 2002. [Katsuhiro Hirano] Internal organization and direct agenciesThe internal organization is composed of 18 departments and bureaus: (1) General Office, (2) Law Department, (3) Monetary Policy Department, (4) Financial Markets Department, (5) Financial Stability Department, (6) Research and Statistics Department, (7) Finance Department, (8) Accounting and Finance Department, (9) Science and Technology Department, (10) Currency and Silver Bureau, (11) Treasury Bureau, (12) International Department, (13) Internal Review Department, (14) Personnel Department, (15) Research Bureau, (16) Credit Information Management Bureau, (17) Anti-Money Laundering Bureau, and (18) Party Committee Propaganda Department. It has 13 direct units (organizations): (1) China Anti-Money Laundering Monitoring and Analysis Center, (2) Credit Information Reference Center of the People's Bank of China, (3) China Foreign Exchange Trade Center, (4) China Financial Publishing House, (5) China Times, (6) General Clearing Center of the People's Bank of China, (7) China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation, (8) China Gold Coin Corporation, (9) China Financial Computerization Corporation, (10) Graduate School of the People's Bank of China, (11) Beijing Training Institute of the People's Bank of China, (12) Zhengzhou Training Institute of the People's Bank of China, and (13) China Coin Museum. [Katsuhiro Hirano] Branches and offices and overseas basesThe head office is located in Beijing, and there are currently nine branch offices (large branches with jurisdiction over wide areas spanning several provinces and autonomous regions), each with their own jurisdiction as follows: (1) Tianjin - Tianjin City, Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region The special cities of Beijing and Chongqing are directly managed by the sales management department established within the head office. There are 339 central branches (large and medium-sized city-level branches) and 1,766 branch banks (smaller prefecture and city-level branches). Overseas, it has six representative offices in the United States (New York), Europe (London), Frankfurt, Tokyo, Africa (Nigeria), and the South Pacific (Australia), as well as a liaison office with the Caribbean Development Bank. [Katsuhiro Hirano] PublicationsThe main periodicals overseen by the People's Bank of China are as follows: (1) Annual Report of the People's Bank of China (annual), (2) Monetary Policy Implementation Report (quarterly), (3) Financial Times (daily), (4) China Finance (semi-monthly), (5) Financial Expo (monthly), (6) Financial Research (irregular), (7) China Financial Yearbook (Chinese and English, annual), (8) Financial Accounting (monthly), (9) China Financier (quarterly), (10) Financial Digitalization (monthly), (11) China Coins (quarterly), (12) China Money Market (monthly), etc. [Katsuhiro Hirano] [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
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中華人民共和国の中央銀行で、国務院に直属している。中国語では「人行(レンハン)」、英語ではPBOC（Peoples Bank Of China）と略称される。 ［平野勝洋］ 沿革1948年12月1日、華北(かほく／ホワペイ)人民政府によって、華北銀行を中核に、北海(ほっかい／ペイハイ)銀行、西北(せいほく／シーペイ)農民銀行の三つの解放区の辺区銀行を統合して、河北(かほく／ホーペイ)省石家荘(せきかそう／シーチヤチョワン)に設立され、1949年中華人民共和国の成立に伴って北京(ペキン)に移転、中央銀行として改組された。発足以来、発券銀行としての業務に加え、国庫業務の代理、全国利子率の決定、通貨供給の管理、金融諸機関の監督と指導、金・銀の管理、国家外国為替(かわせ)管理局を通じての外国為替管理などのほか、一般国民の預貯金受け入れ、各企業・組織との預金・貸付業務および振替決済、各企業・組織が労働者に支払う賃金基金の管理など多岐にわたる業務を担ってきた。また、中国唯一の外国為替専門銀行であった中国銀行（Bank of China）を国務院の指導に基づいて代行管理していた。 中国人民銀行は、このように発足以来長期にわたり、中央銀行業務と普通銀行および貯蓄銀行業務を兼営していることが大きな特色となっていた。しかし、1979年以降、経済改革・対外開放の進展するなかで、1980年代になって、資本の有効利用の観点から、財政と金融の分離、銀行機能の活用が重視されるところとなり、1984年1月には、人民銀行から普通銀行と貯蓄銀行部門が切り離され「中国工商銀行」として設立され、以後、中国人民銀行の主たる役割は中央銀行として機能することとなった。さらに1980年代後半から1990年代前半にかけて、金融制度の改革およびその中心的テーマとしてこの中央銀行機能の強化が唱えられた。四大国有商業銀行（中国工商銀行、人民建設銀行、中国農業銀行、中国銀行）の業務分野の相互乗り入れ、交通銀行などの株式制銀行の新設、都市、農村の協同組合型組織である信用合作社の整理・統合などが進められ、中国人民銀行の指導監督の権限・責任も拡大された。 ［平野勝洋］ 1990年代の金融改革1993年、国務院は金融体制改革を正式に決定。1994年には、中国人民銀行行長（総裁）を兼任した当時の国務院副総理朱鎔基(しゅようき／チューロンチー)により、広範囲に及ぶ経済改革方針が打ち出されたが、金融体制改革は、その最重要な柱と位置づけられた。商業銀行法の制定などにより、国有商業銀行の経営合理化のために独立採算制への方向を進める一方、中国人民銀行の金融機関に対する指導強化の措置が図られた。また、当時のインフレ高潮を背景に、通貨供給量の管理や金利調整など中央銀行機能を通じてのマクロ経済コントロールの強化が強調された。 1995年3月、「中華人民共和国中国人民銀行法」が全国人民代表大会（全人代と略される。日本の国会に相当する機関）において承認され、人民銀行は、初めて国家の立法に基づく形で中央銀行の地位を確立した。 1998年3月には、新たに国務院総理（首相）に就任した朱鎔基が、いわゆる「三大改革」を公式に発動し、行政機構の改革、企業体制の改革とともに金融改革が経済改革の主柱となった。この改革は、朱鎔基が3年間の時限を設定して、不退転の決意の表明の下に進められた。そのおもな内容は次のとおりである。 (1)金融政策ツール（手段）の拡大にかかわる事項 預金準備率制度の改革、貸出金利変動幅の拡大、違法外貨流出取締りなどの外国為替管理強化など。 (2)金融機関の自主裁量権限の拡大と競争環境の醸成 四大商業銀行の融資規制枠撤廃、消費者金融など業務分野の拡大、外国銀行支店に対する人民元業務の認可など。 (3)金融機関に対する監督強化 金融機関の債権分類基準の厳密化、違法金融機関と違法金融業務に対する取締り実施など。 (4)不良資産処理および金融機関リストラの実施 巨額の公的資金の導入による不良債権処理、国有商業銀行の支店数および職員数の大幅削減、業績不振金融機関の整理・統合など。 (5)金融関連分野の育成と管理強化 証券法の制定、保険法の策定検討など。 ［平野勝洋］ 人民銀行の改革この金融体制改革を実施する際のおもな推進機関は、中央銀行である中国人民銀行であったが、人民銀行自体も改革の重要な対象とされた。1998年11月北京で開催された全国分行（支店）長会議において、中国人民銀行は、省レベルの分行を廃止し、九つの分行（区域分行――広域支店）を設置し、広域金融行政を行うことをはじめ、総行（本店）の機構改革を含む大きな改革の実施を決定した。この区域分行9行の設置の趣旨は、前記分行長会議における温家宝(おんかほう／ウエンチアパオ)（当時副総理、党中央金融工作委員会書記）の発言のなかで次のように述べられている。「中央銀行の通貨政策実施の権威強化、金融監督・管理の独立性強化に役だち、省の枠を越えた範囲で監督・管理陣を統一的に調整し、各方面の干渉から脱却し、規程に反した金融機関と責任者を厳しく処分し、金融監督・管理の効率を高めるものである」。このように、改革の大きなねらいは、従来、地方政府が、省レベル分行の金融行政や貸出し決定、さらに分行人事に至るまで、大きな影響力を行使し、いわゆる「指令融資」に陥りやすかった弊害を排除し、地方の金融に対する中央の施策や管理を行き届かせることにあった。この区域分行制は、アメリカの連邦準備制度理事会（FRB）を参考にしており、1994年の改革時に案として浮上したものである。しかし、地方勢力の反対や、各分行管轄区域の区分けについての意見調整が難航したこともあり延期されてきたが、1997年年央に発生したアジア通貨危機の教訓から、中央銀行の対金融機関監督・管理強化の必要性が痛感され、実現に至ったものである。 2003年、中国共産党の二中全会（第16期中央委員会第2回全体会議）と全人代を通過した、国務院をはじめとする行政管理体制・機構改革案に沿って、さらなる人民銀行の改革が行われた。すなわち、銀行、金融資産管理会社、信託投資会社、その他の貯蓄金融機関などを監督・管理・指導する国家機関として、「中国銀行業務監督管理委員会」を新たに設置し、これまで人民銀行が担ってきたそれら機能を人民銀行から分離した。 2003年12月には、全人代常務委員会にて、前記の改革を盛り込んだ「中華人民共和国中国人民銀行法（修正）」案が承認され、これが人民銀行の現在の地位、業務内容、権限と責任などに関する根拠法となっている。同法第2条には、人民銀行の職能について、「国務院の指導の下、通貨政策を定め実行し、金融リスクを防止・解消し、金融の安定を図る」ことと明記されている。 現在、人民銀行は、前記改革を経て、もっとも主要な役割となった金融政策を通じてのマクロ経済のコントロール機能を強化しつつある。そのおもな政策手段は、(1)貸出・預金金利の引上げ引下げ、(2)預金準備率の引上げ引下げ、(3)「窓口指導」などによる銀行融資の量的規制、(4)人民元為替相場への介入による調節、(5)公開市場操作、などである。 しかし、現状、これらの金融調節ツールが有効に機能するために必要な、インターバンク・コール市場（銀行間の短期資金市場）や債券流通市場などの制度やシステムが未成熟であり、人民銀行が今後、さらにその機能を十分に発揮してゆくうえで、これらの早急な整備がきわめて重要な課題となっている。 ［平野勝洋］ 機構概要行長（総裁）人民銀行トップである行長（総裁）は、国務院（行政を担当する機関）の閣僚のポストであり、現在は周小川(しゅうしょうせん／チョウシヤオチョワン)（1948― ）が担当している。就任前は対外経済貿易省などに勤務し、国際経済・金融に通じ、前総理である朱鎔基のブレーンの一人として知られる。1998年中国建設銀行行長、2002年2月中国証券監督管理委員会主席を経て、2002年12月総裁に就任した（2008年3月再任）。 ［平野勝洋］ 内部組織および直属機関内部の組織は、次の18の司・局からなる。(1)弁公庁、(2)条法司、(3)通貨政策司、(4)金融市場司、(5)金融安定司、(6)調査統計司、(7)金融財務司、(8)会計財務司、(9)科学技術司、(10)貨幣金銀局、(11)国庫局、(12)国際司、(13)内部審査司、(14)人事司、(15)研究局、(16)征信管理（信用情報管理）局、(17)反資金洗浄（アンチ・マネー・ロンダリング）局、(18)党委員会宣伝部。 直属単位（組織）として、次の13機構があげられる。(1)中国反資金洗浄監測分析センター、(2)中国人民銀行信用情報レファレンスセンター、(3)中国外為取引センター、(4)中国金融出版社、(5)中国時報社、(6)中国人民銀行清算総センター、(7)中国紙幣印刷造幣総公司、(8)中国金幣（金貨）総公司、(9)中国金融電子化公司、(10)中国人民銀行研究生部（大学院）、(11)中国人民銀行北京培訓（研修）学院、(12)中国人民銀行鄭州培訓（研修）学院、(13)中国銭幣博物館。 ［平野勝洋］ 分支機構（支店、事務所）および海外拠点総行（本店）は北京に置かれ、分行（いくつかの省・自治区にまたがる広域を管轄する大支店）は、現在9か所にあり、それぞれの管轄地域は次のとおりである。 (1)天津(てんしん／ティエンチン)――天津市、河北省、山西(さんせい／シャンシー)省、内モンゴル自治区 なお、北京と重慶(じゅうけい／チョンチン)の両特別市については、総行（本店）のなかに設置された営業管理部が直接管理する。また、中心支行（都市レベルの大・中規模支店）は339行、支行（県、市レベルの小規模支店）は1766行の体制となっている。 海外には、駐アメリカ（ニューヨーク）、駐ヨーロッパ（ロンドン）、駐フランクフルト、駐東京、駐アフリカ（ナイジェリア）、駐南太平洋（オーストラリア）の六つの代表処と駐カリブ地域開発銀行連絡所を有する。 ［平野勝洋］ 出版物人民銀行が主管するおもな定期刊行物は次のとおりである。(1)『中国人民銀行年報』（年刊）、(2)『通貨政策執行報告』（季刊）、(3)『金融時報』（日刊）、(4)『中国金融』（半月刊）、(5)『金融博覧』（月刊）、(6)『金融研究』（不定期）、(7)『中国金融年鑑』（中・英文、年刊）、(8)『金融会計』（月刊）、(9)『中国金融家』（季刊）、(10)『金融電子化』（月刊）、(11)『中国銭幣』（季刊）、(12)『中国貨幣市場』（月刊）等。 ［平野勝洋］ [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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Located in the south of the Highlands in northwest...
Eustachian tube - Time
It is a 36 mm long tube that starts from the tymp...
Merlin, J.
...It is said to have originated in the Netherlan...
Dyophysiology
…Apollinarius, who denied the perfection of Chris...
Tomotaka Tasaka
Film director. Born in Hiroshima Prefecture. Drop...
Partial Judgment - Ichibuhanketsu (English: Teilurteil)
A judgment that completes only part of a civil cas...
World politics - Sekai Seiji (English spelling) world politics
The concept of international politics regards the ...
impromptu
…A type of short lyric piece for solo piano. A tr...
PAP - Pap, P.A.P.
Abbreviation for Password Authentication Protocol....
Sweet potato
...With his unique writing style that goes one st...
Lloyd, M.
...The main features of the performances were son...
Fuefuki River
A river that runs through the Kofu Basin from nor...