Legal easement - houteichijoken

Japanese: 法定地上権 - ほうていちじょうけん
Legal easement - houteichijoken

In the Civil Code, it means a surface right (Article 388) that arises by law when a mortgage is exercised. If a person who owns both land and a building on it establishes a mortgage on only one of them, when the mortgage is exercised and the property is auctioned, the ownership of the land and the ownership of the building will belong to different people. In that case, the building will exist on someone else's land for no reason, and the owner of the building will have to remove it. To prevent this result, the Civil Code presumes that in such cases the mortgagor has established a surface right for the building at the time of the auction, and the rent will be determined by the court at the request of the parties involved.

This system applies not only to mortgages under the Civil Code, but also to mortgages under special laws (Standing Trees Law, Article 5; Factory Mortgage Law, Article 16). In addition, the situation in which the ownership of the land and the property on it become vested in different people as a result of an auction is not limited to cases where a mortgage is executed. Article 81 of the Civil Execution Law presumes that a surface right has been established when the ownership of the land and the building become vested in different people as a result of civil execution, and generally recognizes statutory surface rights. Furthermore, when a provisional registration security is executed, it is considered that a lease has been established, not a surface right (Provisional Registration Security Contract Law, Article 10).

[Yasuyuki Takahashi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

民法上は、抵当権実行の際に法律の規定により生ずる地上権(388条)を意味する。土地とその上の建物とを所有する者がその一方だけに抵当権を設定した場合に、抵当権が実行され競売が行われると、土地の所有権と建物の所有権とが別人に帰属することになる。そうすると建物は他人の土地の上に理由なく存在することになるから、建物の所有者はこれを撤去しなければならないことになる。この結果を防ぐために、民法は、このような場合に抵当権設定者が競売の際に建物のために地上権を設定したものとみなし、地代は当事者の請求によって裁判所が決めることとした。

 この制度は民法上の抵当権についてだけではなく、特別法による抵当権についても設けられている(立木ニ関スル法律5条、工場抵当法16条)。また、競売が行われた結果として土地の所有権とその上の物の所有権とが別人に帰属するという事態が生ずるのは、抵当権が実行された場合に限られるわけではない。民事執行法第81条は、民事執行の結果として土地と建物の所有権が別人に帰属することとなった場合に地上権が設定されたものとみなし、法定地上権を一般的に認めている。なお、仮登記担保が実行された場合には、地上権ではなく賃貸借がされたものとされる(仮登記担保契約に関する法律10条)。

[高橋康之]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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