Radiation chemistry - radiation chemistry

Japanese: 放射線化学 - ほうしゃせんかがく(英語表記)radiation chemistry
Radiation chemistry - radiation chemistry

A general term for the academic field that deals with chemical reactions that occur when a substance is irradiated with ionizing radiation such as α (alpha) rays, β (beta) rays, γ (gamma) rays, or accelerated particles. When radiation passes through a gas, liquid, polymer, etc., the molecules in that part are ionized or excited within an extremely short time along the path of the radiation, and groups of these active species (spools, also called spurs) are produced here and there. The active species then react with each other in the spools, producing relatively long-lived ions, excited molecules, and radicals (molecular bonds broken), which spread throughout the system. As these active species diffuse, they react with each other or with other molecules to produce stable final products. The number of molecules that have been changed by radiation is usually expressed using the G value (the number of molecules changed by irradiation with 100 electron volts), and for normal substances, G is around 1 to 10, but when chain reactions occur, high values ​​of over 1000 can be obtained. A large G value is considered one of the indicators for practical use. Radicals, which are the main intermediate products during radiolysis, are extremely reactive, and various attempts have been made to utilize this reactivity to synthesize new substances, but it has become clear that in many cases they can be replaced by other reactions (such as catalysts).

In terms of applications, research and development has been conducted mainly in the field of polymers, where the radicals and ions produced by radiation are used to improve the properties of polymers (such as improving heat resistance) through various polymerization and crosslinking reactions, resulting in the production of packaging sheets and electrical wire covering materials. Graft polymerization, which bonds different types of polymers, has also been used to improve dyeability and adhesiveness. Attempts have also been made to synthesize inorganic compounds, but the process has not yet reached a stage where radiation is significantly more advantageous than the use of catalysts. Technologies using radiation to sterilize medical products and store food have also been developed, known as radiation processing.

[Atsushi Tateno]

"Masaharu Kondo and Yoshiharu Shinozaki, Radiation Chemistry (Basic Nuclear Lectures 7, 1980, Corona Publishing)" "Recommendations for Radiation Chemistry, edited by the Japanese Society of Radiation Chemistry (2006, Society Publishing Center)"

[Reference] | Ionization | Radiation | Radial polymerization | Excited states

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

α(アルファ)線、β(ベータ)線、γ(ガンマ)線あるいは加速粒子などのいわゆる電離性放射線を物質に照射した際におこる化学変化を取り扱う学問分野の総称。放射線が気体、液体、高分子などを通過すると、その飛跡に沿ってきわめて短時間内にこの部分の分子がイオン化あるいは励起され、これらの活性種の集団(スプール。スパーともいう)が点々と生じる。ついでスプール内で活性種は互いに反応し、やや長寿命のイオン、励起分子、ラジカル(分子の結合の切れた状態)が生じ、系全体に広がっていく。さらにこれらの活性種は拡散しつつ、互いに、あるいは他の分子と反応し、安定な最終生成物をつくる。放射線がどれだけの分子に変化を与えたかは通常G値(100電子ボルトの照射によって変化した分子数)を用いて表すが、通常の物質ではGは1~10程度であり、連鎖的に反応が進む場合は1000以上の高い値も得られている。このG値が大きいことが実用化の際の一つの目安とされる。放射線分解の際の主要な中間生成物であるラジカルはきわめて反応性に富み、その反応性を利用して新しい物質の合成などがさまざまに試みられてきたが、多くの場合ほかの反応(触媒など)によって代置できることが明らかになっている。

 応用面としては、おもに高分子の分野において研究開発が進められ、放射線によって生じるラジカルやイオンを用いて各種の重合反応、架橋反応による高分子の性質の改善(耐熱性の向上など)が行われ、包装用シート、電線の被覆材などがつくられている。また異種の高分子を結合させるグラフト重合の手法を用いて染色性、接着性などの向上が図られてきた。さらに無機化合物の合成なども試みられているが、触媒などを用いた場合に比して放射線のほうが格段に有利であるという段階にまでは達していない。放射線を用いての医療品の滅菌、食品貯蔵といった技術も開発されており、これを放射線プロセシングとよぶ。

[舘野 淳]

『近藤正春・篠崎善治著『放射線化学』(『基礎原子力講座7』1980・コロナ社)』『日本放射線化学会編『放射線化学のすすめ』(2006・学会出版センター)』

[参照項目] | 電離 | 放射線 | ラジカル重合 | 励起状態

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Radiation-chemical reaction

>>:  National Institute of Radiological Sciences

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