Spores - Houshi

Japanese: 胞子 - ほうし
Spores - Houshi

A cell formed by an organism as a means of asexual reproduction, which germinates alone and generally becomes a new individual. In plants, the generation that forms spores is called the sporophyte. Those that form within sporangia or hyphae are called endospores, those that are separated outside the body are called exospores, and those that develop thick walls and go dormant are called dormant spores. Attention is focused on whether or not meiosis occurs when spores are formed, and they are broadly divided into euspores and vegetative spores (dormant zygotes are sometimes called spores).

[Hironori Terakawa]

Vegetative spore

A spore formed by the division of a part of the body without going through meiosis. The nuclear phase is haploid or diploid, and in fungi it is rarely polyploid. In addition to fungi, it is found in algae among plants. There are the following distinctions between vegetative spores: (1) Mesopores (mesopores, arthrospores) The hyphae of the grown mycelium are cut into pieces and each piece rolls up, forming a line of chains. They are found in some eukaryotic fungi and actinomycetes. (2) Chlamydospores (chlamydospores) It is not just that the outer wall is thick, but the method of formation is also important. The contents of the hyphae become dense in places and roll up, and spores are formed within the hyphae as free cells. In addition to within the hyphae, dormant spores that form individually within the cells of bacterial rod-shaped bacteria are also chlamydospores. (3) Conidia (conidiospore) In fungi, somatic nuclear division occurs at the tip of the conidiophore, and exospores containing the daughter nucleus are formed. Conidiophores are mycelial branches differentiated to produce spores, and produce one or two spores or a single chain of spores. Conidiophores are particularly common in ascomycetes, and some produce two types of conidia, macroconidia and microconidia, and some produce dense conidiophores on the surface of various hyphal tissues or the inner surface of flask-shaped hyphal tissues. (4) Sporangiospores These are endospores formed by repeated somatic nuclear division within the sporangium mother cell to produce multiple nuclei, and then the cytoplasm divides. Zygomycetes and protoascomycetes produce immobile spores, while green algae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, oomycetes, and chytrids produce flagellated zoospores. These sporangia are also called zoosporangia. The zoospores of the chytrid fungus Sphaerotheca punctata can also form as true spores.

[Hironori Terakawa]

Euospore

A haploid spore formed through meiosis of a diploid nucleus. A cell with this diploid nucleus is a zygote or a diploid sporophyte resulting from it, or an ascospore mother cell or basidiospore corresponding to the zygote. (1) Ascospores and basidiospores Ascomycetes generally grow eight ascospores endogenously within an ascus. Basidiomycetes generally grow four basidiospores exogenously on the basidium. (2) Eusporangiospores Zygomycetes such as Mucor produce vegetative spores in sporangia at the end of sporangiospores arising from the mycelium, but produce euspores in sporangia that are formed when dormant zygotes (zygospores) germinate. It is said that when dormant zygotes (oospores) of oomycetes germinate, zoosporangia are formed and euspores are produced. In the above-mentioned S. cerevisiae, vegetative spores (diploid zoospores) are produced in thin-walled zoosporangia on the diploid mycelium, while true spores (haploid zoospores) are produced in thick-walled zoosporangia.

Most plant spores are euspores. The rhodophyte Agarwood and the brown plant Acanthus arbutifolia form immotile tetraspores on the sporophyte, while Laminaria and Pectinifera produce zoospores. The green plants mosses and ferns also produce immotile euspores (homospores). However, the club mosses and the aquatic fern Salvinia natans produce heterospores (megaspores and microspores).

[Hironori Terakawa]

Spore dispersal and germination

Spores can be separated from the parent body by water, air currents, animals, etc., or released when the parent body disintegrates, or they can be released slowly from the sporangium by a special mechanism, or they can be blown away violently. However, subsequent dispersal is passive. When a dispersed spore germinates under suitable environmental conditions, a new individual is produced. In the case of zoospores, they come to rest and produce a cell wall before germinating. The new individual is diploid, haploid, or polymorphic, depending on the nuclear phase of the original spore. In fungi, there are many spores whose germination conditions are unknown. Also, when a spore germinates, it can produce a different type of spore, which can become a new individual.

[Hironori Terakawa]

[References] | Sexual differentiation | Zospores

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物が無性生殖の手段として形成する細胞で、単独で発芽して一般に新個体となる。胞子を形成する世代は、植物類では胞子体(造胞体)といわれる。胞子嚢(のう)や菌糸の中に形成されるものは内生胞子、体外に分離されてできるものは外生胞子、厚壁を生じて休眠するものは休眠胞子という。胞子が形成されるときに減数分裂があるかどうかが注目され、真正胞子と栄養胞子に二大別される(休眠性接合子を胞子とよぶ場合もある)。

[寺川博典]

栄養胞子

減数分裂を経ないで、体の一部が分裂して形成される胞子をいい、核相は単相か複相、菌類ではまれに重相である。菌類のほか、植物類では藻類でみられる。栄養胞子には次のような区別がある。(1)分裂子(分裂胞子・分節胞子) 成長した菌糸体の菌糸が寸断してそれぞれが丸まり、一列の連鎖状に形成される。真核菌類の一部のものと放線菌類でみられる。(2)厚壁胞子(こうへきほうし)(厚膜胞子) 単に外壁が厚いというだけではなく、その形成法が重要である。菌糸の内容がところどころで緻密(ちみつ)になって丸まり、遊離細胞として菌糸内に胞子が形成される。また、菌糸内だけではなく、細菌類の桿(かん)菌の細胞内に一個できる休眠胞子も厚壁胞子である。(3)分生子(分生胞子) 菌類において、分生子柄(へい)の先端部で体細胞核分裂がおこり、その嬢(娘)核を含む外生胞子として形成される。分生子柄は菌糸体の枝が胞子を生ずるように分化したもので、胞子を1、2個、ないし一列の連鎖状に生ずる。子嚢菌類ではとくに一般的であって、大分生子と小分生子の2種を生ずるものや、各種の菌糸組織の表面やフラスコ形菌糸組織の内面に分生子柄を密生するものもある。(4)胞子嚢胞子 胞子嚢母細胞内で体細胞核分裂が繰り返し行われて多核になり、さらに細胞質体が分裂して形成される内生胞子である。接合菌類や原生子嚢菌類は不動胞子を生じ、緑藻類のコナミドリムシや卵菌類、ツボカビ類は鞭毛(べんもう)のある遊走子を生ずる。この胞子嚢は遊走子嚢ともいわれる。ツボカビ類のカワリミズカビの遊走子は真正胞子として形成される場合もある。

[寺川博典]

真正胞子

複相核の減数分裂を経て形成される単相の胞子である。この複相核をもつ細胞は、接合子またはそれから生じた複相の胞子体、あるいは接合子に相当する子嚢母細胞や担子器母細胞である。(1)子嚢胞子と担子胞子 子嚢菌類は子嚢内に一般に8子嚢胞子を内生する。担子菌類は担子器上に一般に四担子胞子を外生する。(2)真正胞子嚢胞子 接合菌類のケカビなどは菌糸体から生じた胞子嚢柄の先の胞子嚢内には栄養胞子を生ずるが、休眠性の接合子(接合胞子)が発芽してできる胞子嚢内には真正胞子を生ずる。卵菌類の休眠性接合子(卵胞子)が発芽すると遊走子嚢ができて真正遊走子を生ずるといわれる。前記のカワリミズカビでは、複相菌糸体上の薄壁の遊走子嚢には栄養胞子(複相遊走子)を生じ、厚壁の遊走子嚢には真正胞子(単相遊走子)を生ずる。

 植物類の胞子は、ほとんどが真正胞子である。紅色植物のテングサや褐色植物のアミジグサは、胞子体上に不動の4分胞子を形成し、コンブやムチモでは遊走子を生ずる。緑色植物のコケ類、シダ類も不動の真正胞子を生ずる(同型胞子)。しかし、ヒカゲノカズラ類や水生シダのサンショウモは、異型胞子(大胞子と小胞子)を生ずる。

[寺川博典]

胞子の散布と発芽

胞子は、水、気流、動物などによって母体から離されたり、あるいは母体が崩壊して遊離されるほか、胞子嚢から特別な仕組みによって緩やかに放出されたり、さらに、激しく飛ばされることもある。しかし、その後の散布は受動的である。散布された胞子が適当な環境条件で発芽すると新個体が生ずる。遊走子の場合は、静止して細胞壁を生じてから発芽する。新個体は、もとの胞子の核相に従って、複相か単相、または重相である。菌類では発芽条件の不明な胞子も多い。また、胞子が発芽すると別の型の胞子を生じ、これが新個体になることもある。

[寺川博典]

[参照項目] | 性の分化 | 遊走子

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