A constant that expresses the probability per unit time of the decay of radioactive materials or unstable atomic nuclei or particles. Nuclei and particles in unstable states decay by emitting various particles and electromagnetic waves such as gamma rays. This decay is a probabilistic phenomenon governed by chance for individual atomic nuclei and particles, but for a very large number of identical decaying atomic nuclei or particles, the rate of decay per unit time, lambda (lambda), is a constant value. This value, lambda, is called the decay constant. The decay constant has a unique constant value for each type of decaying atomic nucleus or particle state. For example, the polonium nucleus 210 Po in the natural radioactive nuclear series undergoes alpha decay and changes into the lead nucleus 206 Pb. The decay constant of 210 Po is given as the probability of decay per second, λ = 5.8 × 10 -8 . This decay constant, lambda, is related to the half-life T 1/2 , which is often used for radioactive atomic nuclei, by the following inverse proportionality formula: T 1/2 =0.6931/λ (seconds). [Kiyomi Ikeda] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
放射性物質または不安定な状態にある原子核や粒子が崩壊する際の単位時間当りの確率を表す定数。安定でない状態にある原子核や粒子は、種々の粒子や、γ(ガンマ)線などの電磁波を放出して崩壊する。この崩壊は個々の原子核や粒子については偶然に支配される確率現象であるが、非常に多数の崩壊する同じ原子核の集まりや同じ粒子の集まりについては、単位時間に崩壊する割合λ(ラムダ)は一定の値となる。この値λを崩壊定数という。崩壊定数は崩壊する原子核や粒子の状態の種類一つ一つに対して固有な一定の値をもつ。たとえば、自然放射性原子核系列にあるポロニウム原子核210Poはα(アルファ)崩壊して鉛原子核206Pbにかわる。この210Poの崩壊定数は1秒当りの崩壊確率として、λ=5.8×10-8で与えられる。このような崩壊定数λは、放射性原子核に対してよく用いられている半減期T1/2とは、次の逆比例の関係式で結ばれている。T1/2=0.6931/λ(秒)。 [池田清美] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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