Legal interest - Rechtsgut (English) German

Japanese: 法益 - ほうえき(英語表記)Rechtsgut ドイツ語
Legal interest - Rechtsgut (English) German

Life interests protected by law. The concept of legal interests is widely used in legal studies, but the theory of violation of legal interests, which seeks the substance of crime, especially its illegality, as a violation of legal interests (actual harm or danger to legal interests), is dominant, especially in criminal law. As legal interests are interpreted as "life interests," they have a factual and objective basis rooted in the lives of individuals, so it is not appropriate to define legal interests simply as interests protected by law, as this leads to the normative and subjectivization of the concept of legal interests. Therefore, legal interests are broadly divided into personal legal interests, social legal interests, and national legal interests, but in terms of the original intent, personal legal interests such as life, body, freedom, and property should be the basis, and emphasizing social legal interests and national legal interests, which are premised on a supra-personal state or society, leads to the denial of the theory of legal interests.

The concept of legal interests was proposed and developed in the theory of illegality, which seeks to determine the substance of illegality. Before the modern era, law was undifferentiated from morality and religion, and acts that violated morality and religion were widely punished as crimes. However, under modern law, a clear distinction between the two is required, and so the right violation theory (Feuerbach, etc.) was advocated and widely supported, which interprets the essence of crime as violating the rights of others. Later, as it was difficult to fully explain crime in terms of the violation of rights, a view emerged that interprets crime as violating "goods" (Gut), which are the subject of rights and are protected by law, and eventually the goods protected by law came to be called "legal interests." This is the legal interest violation theory (Birnbaum, List, etc.). In Nazi Germany, this theory was criticized as being liberal and individualistic from the standpoint of the breach of duty theory (Schafstein, Damm, etc.), which interprets the essence of crime as a breach of duty. However, in Japan after World War II and the former West Germany, the violation of legal interests theory was widely supported as being able to objectively and clearly indicate the grounds and standards of crime.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

法により保護された生活利益。法益の概念は法律学で広く用いられるが、とくに刑法学では犯罪、とくにその違法性の実質を法益侵害(法益に対する実害または危険)に求める法益侵害説が支配的である。法益は「生活利益」と解されるように、諸個人の生活に根ざした事実的・客観的基礎をもつものであるから、法益を単に法により保護される利益と定義するのは、法益概念の規範化・主観化を招くので適当ではない。したがって、法益は個人法益、社会法益、国家法益に大別されるが、本来の趣旨からすれば、生命、身体、自由、財産など個人法益が基本とされるべきであり、超個人的な国家や社会を前提とする社会法益や国家法益を強調することは法益論の否定につながる。

 法益の概念は、違法性の実質を何に求めるかという違法論において提唱され、発展させられてきた。近代以前には、法と道徳・宗教とが未分化であるため、道徳・宗教に違反する行為が犯罪として広く処罰されたが、近代法のもとでは両者を峻別(しゅんべつ)することが要求されるところから、犯罪の本質を他人の権利を侵害することと解する権利侵害説(フォイエルバハなど)が主張され、広く支持された。その後、犯罪を権利侵害により説明し尽くすことは困難であるとして、犯罪は権利の対象として法により保護される「財」Gutを侵害することであると解する見解が登場し、やがて法により保護される財を「法益」とよぶに至った。これが法益侵害説(ビルンバウム、リストなど)である。この説に対しては、ナチス時代のドイツで、犯罪の本質を義務違反と解する義務違反説(シャフスタイン、ダームなど)の立場から、自由主義、個人主義の思想であると批判されたが、第二次世界大戦後の日本や旧西ドイツでは、法益侵害説が犯罪の根拠や基準を客観的かつ明確に示しうるものとして広く支持された。

[名和鐵郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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