Vowel - Vowel

Japanese: 母音 - ぼいん
Vowel - Vowel

One of the two major classifications of single consonants. (1) Acoustically, it is a musical tone that is a periodic wave. (2) Auditorily, it is a tone that is relatively loud and gives a relatively pleasant sensation. (3) Physiologically, it is a tone that does not involve any obstruction due to closure or constriction in any part of the vocal tract. However, there are many problems with these classification criteria.

The articulatory classification is the oldest and most widely used, with the following three main elements: (1) tongue position: "i, e" is defined as "front" when the front surface of the tongue rises toward the palate, "o, u" as "back" when the back surface of the tongue rises, and "u" in "su, tsu, zu" as "central" when it is roughly halfway between the two. (2) jaw opening: four levels are distinguished according to the opening of the lower jaw, starting from the smallest: close as in [i], half-close as in [e], half-open as in [ε], and open as in [a]. (3) lip shape: "o" is defined as "rounded" when the lips are rounded, and "non-rounded" when they are not. Some theories further classify the latter into "flat" when the lips are pulled back to the left and right, as in [i], and "non-flat" when they are not.

The vowel charts ( Figure A ) currently most commonly used in foreign language education, including the "basic vowels" published by D. Jones of England with his own recordings, are all classified from the above perspectives. In addition to the three points mentioned above, there are various additional characteristics, such as (4) nasalization, in which the velum is lowered so that part of the exhaled air also flows into the nasal cavity, (5) reflexion, in which the tip of the tongue is raised or reflexed toward the gums or hard palate, and (6) devoicing, in which the glottis is opened so that the vocal cords do not vibrate.

On the other hand, from the viewpoint of the apex formation function of syllables, consecutive vowels are classified into hiatus, where single vowels form separate syllables, such as 愛 [ai] in Japanese, and compound vowels, where both vowels form the same syllable, such as I [a] in English ( Figure B ). Among these, single vowels are further classified into 戸 [to] (short vowel) and 塔 [to:] (long vowel), based on the difference in relative length. On the other hand, diphthongs are the most common compound vowels, and because they create a difference between main and secondary in syllable formation, they are called syllabic main vowels ([a]) and syllabic secondary vowels ([]), respectively.

[Jyosei Hyakutaro]

"Phonetics" by Hyakutaro Jyosei and supervised by Haruhiko Kindaichi (1982, Apollon Music Industry Co., Ltd.) " ▽ "Phonetics" by Shiro Hattori (1984, Iwanami Shoten)""Revised Introduction to Phonetics" by Tamotsu Koizumi (2003, Daigaku Shorin)"

[Reference] | Phonetic symbols | Consonants | Jones | Diphongs | Semivowels and semiconsonants
Vowel Chart (Figure A)
©Shogakukan ">

Vowel Chart (Figure A)

Adjacent vowels and compound vowels (Figure B)
©Shogakukan ">

Adjacent vowels and compound vowels (Figure B)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

子音に対する単音の二大分類の一つ。(1)音響的には周期波である楽音、(2)聴覚的には相対的に「聴こえ」が大きく、比較的快感を覚えるもの、(3)生理的には声道におけるいずれの部位にも閉鎖やせばめなどによる障害を伴わないもの、などと定義されるが、これらの分類基準には多くの問題点がある。

 調音的観点からの分類はもっとも歴史が古いため、一般に広く利用されており、次の3点が主たる要素に数えられている。(1)舌の位置――「イ、エ」のように口蓋(こうがい)に向かって前舌面が持ち上がるものを前舌(front)、「オ、ウ」のように後舌面が持ち上がるものを後舌(back)、「ス、ツ、ズ」などに含まれる「ウ」のように両者のほぼ中間にあるものを中舌(central)とする。(2)開口度――下あごの開きに応じて小さいほうから順次[i]のような狭(close)、[e]のような半狭(halfclose)、[ε]のような半広(half-open)、[a]のような広(open)の4段階を区別する。(3)唇の形状――[o]のように丸めを伴うものを円唇、しからざるものを非円唇とするが、後者をさらに[i]などのように口唇を積極的に左右へ引くもの(平唇)と、しからざる[a]などのごときもの(非平唇)とに下位区分する説もある。

 イギリスのD・ジョーンズが自らの録音を付して公にした「基本母音」をはじめとして、現在外国語教育などにおいてもっともよく利用されている母音図(図A)などは、すべて以上の観点から分類されたものである。なお、前述の3点以外にも、種々な付帯的性質によって、(4)口蓋帆を下げることにより呼気の一部を鼻腔(びこう)にも流出させる鼻音化、(5)舌尖(ぜっせん)を歯茎または硬口蓋に向けて持ち上げるか、そり返らせるそり舌化、(6)声帯振動を伴わないように声門を開いて調音する無声化などがあげられる。

 一方、音節の頂点形成機能の観点からは、相連続する母音で日本語の愛[ai]のように単一母音が互いに別個の音節を形成する母音隣接(hiatus)と、英語のI[a]のように共に同一の音節を形成する複合母音の別を生ずる(図B)。このうちで単一母音にはさらに相対的な長さの差によって、戸[to](短母音)と塔[to:](長母音)が区別される。一方、複合母音では二重母音がもっとも一般的で、音節形成上、主副の差を生ずるため、それぞれ音節主音([a])、音節副音([])と称する。

[城生佰太郎]

『城生佰太郎著、金田一春彦監修『音声学』(1982・アポロン音楽工業社)』『服部四郎著『音声学』(1984・岩波書店)』『小泉保著『改訂 音声学入門』(2003・大学書林)』

[参照項目] | 音声記号 | 子音 | ジョーンズ | 二重母音 | 半母音・半子音
母音図〔図A〕
©Shogakukan">

母音図〔図A〕

母音隣接と複合母音〔図B〕
©Shogakukan">

母音隣接と複合母音〔図B〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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