In general, it refers to the regular days on which celebrations (celebratory ceremonies) and festivals (religious rituals) are held, but nowadays it mainly refers to national or international holidays and festivals. Since ancient times, each tribe and ethnic group has had its own regular days on which religious ceremonies based on its own traditions are held, and naturally these have played a major role in raising collective consciousness and strengthening the sense of solidarity. Modern national holidays have inherited these traditional holidays of each ethnic group, while also being institutionalized by adding celebration days commemorating historical events related to the establishment and development of each nation. Although there has been considerable change due to the rise and fall of nations, the deep-rooted tradition of holidays based on ethnic traditions is also notable. In particular, the tradition of Christian holy holidays is deep-rooted in Western countries, and its origins can be traced back to ancient ethnic beliefs before Christ. This can be inferred from the fact that the Nativity of Christ (Christmas) was established based on the winter solstice festival in Northern Europe. In Arab and other Islamic countries, there are also strong restrictions on festival days based on doctrine. In any case, modern holidays take on a very diverse form due to the circumstances of their establishment in each country and the intertwining of ethnic and religious traditions, and new commemorative days based on international agreements are being added to these and are becoming more widespread. [Toshimi Takeuchi] Japanese HolidaysIn Japan, the "Act on National Holidays" (Act No. 178 of 1948) was enacted in 1948 (Showa 23), abolishing the old "major holidays" and establishing nine new national holidays: New Year's Day (January 1st), Coming of Age Day (January 15th; since 2000, the second Monday in January), Vernal Equinox Day (around March 21st; legally known as the "Vernal Equinox Day"), Emperor's Birthday (April 29th; now February 23rd), Constitution Memorial Day (May 3rd), Children's Day (May 5th), Autumnal Equinox Day (around September 23rd; legally known as the "Autumnal Equinox Day"), Culture Day (November 3rd), and Labor Thanksgiving Day (November 23rd). However, later, the following holidays were established, bringing the total to 16: National Foundation Day (February 11th; legally a "day to be determined by government ordinance"), Respect for the Aged Day (September 15th; since 2003, the third Monday in September), Sports Day (October 10th; since 2000, the second Monday in October), Greenery Day (April 29th; since 2007, May 4th), Marine Day (July 20th; since 2003, the third Monday in July), Showa Day (April 29th) and Mountain Day (August 11th). This comprehensive revision, in line with the spirit of the new Constitution that "sovereignty resides with the people," wiped out all the national holidays from the Meiji period that had been established mainly on days for regular imperial household ceremonies. Although nominally all of these are national commemorative events, they are generally "name only" days that have nothing to do with national traditions, and the general public only enjoy them as days off, with no particular national events or celebrations, and most of them are unrelated to general private annual events. Furthermore, the selection of these "dates" is strongly influenced by previous national holidays, and it is not surprising that most of them are merely changes in name. This is also rooted in the circumstances surrounding the establishment of national holidays in the early Meiji period. Needless to say, Japan's national holidays were established with the inauguration of the "modern nation" at the beginning of the Meiji era. In 1873 (Meiji 6), the old "Five Seasonal Festivals" were abolished, and the dates and times of Imperial rituals were set according to the provisions of the "Engishiki" and other documents, with the aim of returning to the "times of Emperor Jimmu." Based on this, a system of national holidays was established to raise national consciousness. It is also important to note that this was done at the same time as the abolition of the old lunar calendar and the adoption of the new calendar (solar calendar), and it also temporarily enforced a ban on the suppression of the five seasonal festivals and other private events based on the lunar calendar. In any case, these were the national holidays New Year's Day (Shihohai, January 1st), Kigensetsu (February 11th), Tenchosetsu (the Emperor's birthday), and the major holidays Genshisai (January 3rd), New Year's Banquet (January 5th), Spring Imperial Ancestors' Festival (around March 21st), Emperor Jinmu's Festival (April 3rd), Autumn Imperial Ancestors' Festival (around September 23rd), Kannamesai (October 17th), Niinamesai (November 23rd), and the death anniversary of the previous emperor (Meiji Emperor's Festival, Taisho Emperor's Festival). After the Meiji Emperor's Festival disappeared, a new holiday, "Meiji Day" (November 3rd, Tenchosetsu during the Meiji period) was added in its place, and this continued until 1945 (Showa 20). In other words, perhaps because of the idea of "unity of religion and politics," national holidays were established during the Meiji period in a way that promoted "Imperial rituals" to the general public, and on those national holidays, government offices and schools held formally solemn events all at once. However, for the general public, traditional annual events rooted in village festivals, agricultural rites, and ancestral worship were still more closely associated with their daily lives, so it can be said that national holidays did not actually penetrate into the lives of the people. Memorial days for military victories such as Army and Navy Day and other national holidays were also established, but similarly, they continued to pass without taking root in the lives of the people. In particular, Tencho-setsu and Kigen-setsu (National Foundation Day) were established following the example of Western countries, and could be said to have no affinity with national traditions at all. In Japan before the Meiji era, there was no modern concept of a nation, and therefore no system of holidays. However, the ceremonies held by the sovereign of the time had their own meaning. Therefore, the court ceremonies in the ancient Ritsuryo state were nothing but national ceremonies, although participants were limited to court aristocrats. The Engishiki stipulates rituals such as Senso (enthronement) and Oonie-no-matsuri (Great Ceremonies), Toshigoi (prayer year), Tsukinami (monthly festival), Kanname (celebration), Niiname (celebration), and Kamo-matsuri (celebration of the second month) as "medium-sized festivals," and Oomi (small-sized festivals) as "smaller festivals." These rituals also had a major influence on the imperial rituals that were restored during the Meiji period. In the samurai society from the Middle Ages onwards, the Shogun's (bakufu) family festivals took the form of public holidays, and a system of events separate from the imperial court ceremonies was created by syncretizing traditional folk festivals with Chinese festival ceremonies. The so-called "Five Seasonal Festivals" system, which was established in the Muromachi period, was carried over to the Edo bakufu, and the system of the so-called "Five Seasonal Festivals" was established in 1616 (Genwa 2) and other laws. The system of events includes the five seasonal festivals of Jōshi (March 3), Tango (May 5), Tanabata (July 7), and Choyo (September 9), with New Year's Day being the most important "ceremonial day," and also includes Kajō (June 16), Hassaku (August 1), Genchō (October 10), and various year-end gift-giving festivals. This system of events is easily assimilated with the old agricultural rites of the people (especially rice cultivation), and it can be said that the assimilation of old agricultural rites and introduced customs was effortlessly carried out and established through the medium of Onmyōdō, which was introduced from China. In any case, the national holiday regulations after the Meiji period abolished the traditional system centered on the five seasonal festivals all at once, and tried to restore ancient court ceremonies and promote them to the people, but they also added the birthday of the head of state and National Foundation Day, following the example of Western countries, so they were hardly assimilated into the life of the people. And even after the revision, it can be said that Japanese holidays have not yet become truly connected to the national (ethnic) consciousness. [Toshimi Takeuchi] Examples from other countriesCurrently, the main national holidays in various countries in Europe and America are mainly historical commemorative days related to the founding and development of each country, in line with the tradition of Christian holy days, and in countries that still have a monarchy, the birthdays of kings and queens have also been added. In Western Christian countries, the system of holy days such as January 6th (Epiphany), Easter (the first Sunday after the vernal equinox), Pentecost (the seventh Sunday after Easter), St. John's Day (June 24th), the Nativity of the Virgin Mary (September 8th), All Saints' Day (November 1st), and Christmas (December 25th) have been uniformly preserved, forming the appearance of international holidays. And Christmas (Christ's birth) is celebrated as the winter solstice festival (the day of the sun's resurrection) in old Northern Europe, and Easter is celebrated around the first full moon after the vernal equinox, because the sowing festival, an old agricultural ritual, is the "base color" for this, and it is said that the tradition of the farmers' Maypole festival remains in May Day (May 1st), a festival for workers. This is thought to be due to the tradition of holding national commemorative ceremonies in harmony with the seasonal ritual customs of the people since the ancient Greek and Roman states, and there were many cases where anniversaries such as the founding of a state or the birth of a leader were assimilated into these traditional holidays. However, the majority of modern nations' national holidays are historical commemorative days such as national independence, revolution, and victory, and the characteristics of each country are well reflected in these days. In the United States, these days are Washington Day (the third Monday in February), Memorial Day (the last Monday in May), Flag Day (the day the national flag was established, June 14th), Columbus Day (the second Monday in October), Defender of the Fatherland Day (February 23rd), National Unity Day (November 4th), and Victory Day (May 9th), while in France, Bastille Day (the day the Bastille was taken, the Fête de Paris, July 14th), and the anniversary of the end of World War II (May 8th). In the newly emerging nations that gained independence after World War II, their independence days and liberation days are at the center of their celebrations. Even in countries with long traditions, such as the People's Republic of China, new series of commemorative holidays have been introduced, such as National Day (1st October), People's Liberation Army Foundation Day (1st August), Youth Day (4th May), and Children's Day (1st June). Christian holidays such as Christmas, Easter, and Valentine's Day (14th February) are entirely international holidays, as are Buddhist Buddha's Birthday (8th April), Nirvana Day (15th February), and the Islamic Muhammad's Birthday and other festival days. In addition, new international holidays have been added in recent years, such as the United Nations Day of Peace (29th October), International Women's Day (8th March), UNESCO Charter Day (4th November), Nightingale Day (12th May), Mother's Day (2nd Sunday in May), and May Day (1st May). [Toshimi Takeuchi] "Encyclopedia of Anniversary Days" edited by Michio Kato (1999, Tokyodo Publishing)" ▽ "Sankei Shimbun Reporting Team edited "Research on Holidays" (2001, Kadokawa Shoten)" [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
広くは祝典(慶祝儀礼)、祭典(宗教祭祀(さいし)儀礼)の行われる定例日をいうが、現在ではおもに国家的ないしは国際的に制定された祝日・祭日をいう。古くから各部族・民族にはそれぞれ独自の伝統に基づく宗教的儀礼の行われる定例日があり、集団意識の高揚、連帯観念の強化におのずから大きな役割を果たしてきた。近代の国家的祝祭日はこうした各民族の伝統的祭日を継受する一方、それぞれの国家の成立や発展にかかわる歴史的事件を記念する祝典日を加えて制度化されたもので、国家の隆替改廃に伴う変動も著しい反面、民族的伝統よる祭日の根強い伝存もまた顕著である。とくに欧米諸国におけるキリスト教聖祭日の伝存は根強いものがあり、その源流はキリスト以前の古い民族信仰にまでさかのぼりうる。それは、キリスト降誕祭(クリスマス)が北欧の冬至祭を基調として成立していることからも推測できる。アラブ諸国その他のイスラム教諸国でも教理上の祭典日の規制が強い。ともかく現代の祝祭日のあり方は各国の成立事情と民族的宗教的伝統との絡まり合いからきわめて多様な姿を示し、さらに国際的な申し合わせによる新しい記念日の類がそのうえに重なり、広く波及しつつもあるわけである。 [竹内利美] 日本の祝祭日日本では、1948年(昭和23)に「国民の祝日に関する法律」(昭和23年法律178号)が制定され、旧来の「祝日大祭日」を廃して、新たに国民の祝日として元日(1月1日)、成人の日(1月15日。2000年より1月第2月曜日)、春分の日(3月21日ころ。法律上は「春分日」)、天皇誕生日(4月29日。現在は2月23日)、憲法記念日(5月3日)、こどもの日(5月5日)、秋分の日(9月23日ころ。法律上は「秋分日」)、文化の日(11月3日)、勤労感謝の日(11月23日)の9か日とした。しかしその後、建国記念の日(2月11日。法律上は「政令で定める日」)、敬老の日(9月15日。2003年より9月第3月曜日)、スポーツの日(10月10日。2000年より10月第2月曜日)、みどりの日(4月29日。2007年より5月4日)、海の日(7月20日。2003年より7月第3月曜日)、昭和の日(4月29日)、山の日(8月11日)が制定されて、合計16日になった。「主権在民」という新憲法の趣旨に即しての全面的改定で、皇室祭祀の定例日を中心に制定された明治期の祝祭日を一掃した形である。名目上はすべて国民的記念行事の祝典日とはなっているが、おおむね民族的伝統とはかかわらぬ「名ばかり」の存在に近く、国民一般も休日を楽しむ程度で、別段国民あげての行事や祝典もみられず、民間一般の年中行事とも無縁の存在がほとんどである。またこの「日取り」の選定には従前の祝祭日の影響が強く残り、ほとんどが名目の変更にとどまっているといわれるのも無理はない。それは明治初期の国家的祝祭日制定の事情にも根ざすところである。 いうまでもなく日本の祝祭日は明治初頭「近代国家」の発足とともに制定された。1873年(明治6)に旧来の「五節供」の祝日を廃し、「神武(じんむ)の昔」に返るという主旨でおもに『延喜式(えんぎしき)』などの規定に従って皇室祭祀の日時を定め、これに基づいて国家意識を高揚させるため、祝祭日の制を設けた。旧来の旧暦を廃して新暦(太陽暦)を採用するのと期を一にしていた点も重要であり、旧暦による五節供その他の民間行事の圧迫禁止を一時強行したのでもあった。ともかく、こうして祝日として新年節(四方拝(しほうはい)、1月1日)、紀元節(2月11日)、天長節(てんちょうせつ)(天皇誕生日)、大祭日としては元始祭(げんしさい)(1月3日)、新年宴会(1月5日)、春季皇霊(こうれい)祭(3月21日ころ)、神武天皇祭(4月3日)、秋季皇霊祭(9月23日ころ)、神嘗祭(かんなめさい)(10月17日)、新嘗祭(にいなめさい)(11月23日)と、先帝崩御日(明治天皇祭、大正天皇祭)とが定着した。そして明治天皇祭の消失後は、そのかわりに新たに「明治節」(11月3日、明治期の天長節)を祝日に加えて、1945年(昭和20)に及んだわけである。つまり、すべて「祭政一致」の趣旨からか、「皇室祭祀」を国民一般に推し及ぼす形で明治期の祝祭日は制定され、しかも祝日には官庁・学校では形のうえでは厳粛な行事が一斉に執り行われてきた。しかし一般国民の間には、なお村祭り、農耕儀礼、祖霊祭祀などに根ざす伝統的年中行事のほうが生活に密着した存在であったから、国家的要請による祝祭日は実質的には国民生活には浸透しなかったといってよい。陸・海軍記念日などの戦捷(せんしょう)記念日その他の制定もあったが、同じく国民生活には根を下ろさぬ形のまま経過した。とくに天長節や紀元節(建国記念日)などは西欧諸国の例に倣っての制定で、まったく民族的伝統にはなじまぬところといってよかった。 明治以前の日本には、近代的国家観念は存在しなかったから祝祭日の制もない。しかし時の主権者の執り行う祝祭行事がおのずからその意味をもった。それゆえ、古代律令制(りつりょうせい)国家における宮廷祭祀行事は、参与する者こそ宮廷貴族に限られはしたが、国家的祝祭儀礼にほかならなかった。『延喜式』には「大祀(たいし)」として践祚(せんそ)、大嘗祭(おおにえのまつり)、「中祀」として祈年(としごい)、月次(つきなみ)、神嘗(かんなめ)、新嘗(にいなめ)、賀茂祭(かものまつり)、「小祀」として大忌(おおいみ)、風神、鎮花(はなしずめ)、三枝(さいぐさ)、相嘗(あいなめ)、鎮魂(たましずめ)、道饗(みちあえ)、園韓神(そのからかみ)、松尾、平野、春日(かすが)、大原野などの祭祀を定めている。これらが明治期復興の皇室祭祀にも大きく影響している。 中世以後の武家社会では将軍家(幕府)の家祭が祝祭日の形になり、民間の伝統的節供行事と中国の節日儀礼を習合した形で、宮廷儀礼とは別個な行事体系が生成した。いわゆる「五節供」の制で、室町期にいちおう成立した形が江戸幕府に引き継がれ、1616年(元和2)の制令などで、いわゆる「五節供」の式日の制が確定した。歳首(さいしゅ)(元日)をもっとも重い「式日」として、上巳(じょうし)(3月3日)、端午(たんご)(5月5日)、七夕(たなばた)(7月7日)、重陽(ちょうよう)(9月9日)の「五節(ごせち)」を定め、そのほかに嘉定(かじょう)(6月16日)、八朔(はっさく)(8月1日)、玄猪(げんちょ)(10月10日)と、歳暮の諸祭日を加えた行事体系である。この行事体系は民間の古い農耕儀礼(とくに稲作)の系列とも習合しやすいものがあり、要は中国伝来の陰陽道(おんみょうどう)を媒介にして、旧来の農耕儀礼と伝来習俗との習合が無理なく行われて定着したといってよい。ともかく、明治以降の明治国家の祝祭日規制は、こうした伝統的な五節供中心の制を一挙に廃絶させて、古代の宮廷儀礼を復旧して国民に推し及ぼそうとする一方、西欧諸国に倣って元首の誕生日や建国記念日を加えたものゆえ、国民生活に同化することは少なかった。そして改定後も、日本の祝祭日はまだ真に国民(民族)意識に密着した存在とはなっていないとみてよい。 [竹内利美] 諸外国の事例現在諸外国のおもな祝祭日は、欧米諸国ではキリスト教関係の聖祭日の伝存にあわせて、各国の成立・発展にかかわる歴史的記念祝典日が主体をなし、王政の形をとどめる国では国王や女王の生誕日なども加えられている。西欧キリスト教国では、とくに、1月6日(主の公現日)、復活祭(春分後最初の満月後の日曜)、聖霊降臨祭(復活祭後の第7日曜日)、聖ヨハネ祭(6月24日)、聖母マリア生誕の日(9月8日)、万聖節(ばんせいせつ)(11月1日)、クリスマス(12月25日)といった聖祭日の体系が一様に伝存されて国際的祭日の姿を呈している。そしてクリスマス(キリスト降誕祭)には古い北欧の冬至祭(太陽の復活日)が、またイースター(復活祭)が春分後の最初の満月をめどに祝われるのには、古い農耕儀礼としての播種(はしゅ)の祭りがその「下染め」をなしており、労働者の祭典であるメーデー(5月1日)にもかつての農民の5月祭(メイポール祭)の伝統が残っているといわれる。ギリシア・ローマの古代国家以来、国家的な記念式典を民衆の歳時的祭祀習俗と合致させて執り行ってきた伝統によるとみられ、また国家の成立、指導者の生誕などの記念日をこうした伝統的祝祭日に習合させた例も少なくなかった。 しかし近代国家の祝祭日の主体は、国家の独立、革命達成、戦勝記念などの歴史的記念祝典日で、それぞれの国柄の特徴がよく看取される。アメリカ合衆国のワシントンデー(2月第3月曜日)、メモリアルデー(戦没者追悼記念日、5月最終月曜日)、フラッグデー(国旗制定日、6月14日)、コロンブスデー(10月第2月曜日)、ロシアの祖国防衛の日(2月23日)、国民統一の日(11月4日)、戦勝記念日(5月9日)、あるいはフランスの革命記念日(バスチーユ奪取記念日、パリ祭、7月14日)、第二次世界大戦終戦記念日(5月8日)といった形である。第二次世界大戦後に独立した新興国家ではいずれもその独立記念日、解放記念日が祝典日の中枢に据えられている。中華人民共和国など伝統の古い国家でも国慶節(建国記念日、10月1日)をはじめ人民解放軍建軍記念日(8月1日)、青年節(5月4日)、児童節(6月1日)といった新しい記念祝典日の系列に一新している。なお、クリスマス、イースター、バレンタインデー(2月14日)などのキリスト教聖祭日はまったく国際的な祭日であり、仏教関係の釈迦(しゃか)誕生日(灌仏会(かんぶつえ)、4月8日)、涅槃会(ねはんえ)(2月15日)、イスラム教のムハンマド(マホメット)生誕祭その他の祭典日も同様の形を示している。そのほか近年になって新しく国連平和デー(10月29日)、国際女性デー(3月8日)、ユネスコ憲章記念日(11月4日)、ナイチンゲールデー(5月12日)、母の日(5月第2日曜日)、メーデー(5月1日)など新しい国際的祝典記念日も加わってきている。 [竹内利美] 『加藤迪男編『記念日の事典』(1999・東京堂出版)』▽『産経新聞取材班編『祝祭日の研究』(2001・角川書店)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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