Whitney, Eli

Japanese: ホイットニー(英語表記)Whitney, Eli
Whitney, Eli
Born December 8, 1765 in Westborough, Massachusetts.
[Died] January 8, 1825. New Haven, Connecticut. American inventor. Born to a farming family. He showed a talent for machines from his childhood, and devised new devices while attending Yale University. After graduating from college (1792), he became acquainted with a cotton trader in Georgia and invented the cotton gin, known as the "gin." This machine was copied because of its simple structure, which involved passing cotton seeds through a row of spikes to separate the seeds from the fibers, and although he obtained a patent, it was of no practical use. However, the rapid spread of this machine led to a dramatic change in the quality and price of cotton, and it contributed greatly to the progress of the American cotton industry. In 1798, he switched to the production of rifles, and was contracted to make muskets for the government. He standardized the parts and made them interchangeable with those of other products. This production method was later adopted and developed by other government arsenals and various manufacturers, and became the basis of mass production, also known as the American production system.

Whitney
Whitney, William Collins

Born July 5, 1841 in Conway, Massachusetts.
[Died] February 2, 1904, New York American businessman and politician. After graduating from Yale University in 1863, he studied law at Harvard University and opened a law practice in New York. He gained the trust of S. Tilden and fought against the "Tweed faction," and worked hard to rebuild the corrupt New York City government in the 1970s. He supported G. Cleveland in the 1984 presidential election, and served as Secretary of the Navy from 1985 to 1989, contributing to the development of a modern navy. He played an important role in Cleveland's reelection in the 1992 presidential election. After retiring from public service, he was active as a businessman in New York's streetcar and electricity businesses.

Whitney
Whitney, William Dwight

Born February 9, 1827 in Northampton, Massachusetts.
[died] June 7, 1894. New Haven, Connecticut. American linguist. Professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics at Yale University for many years. Author of edited and commented works on the Atharva Veda and A Sanskrit Grammar (1879). His view of language as a kind of social custom, which he expressed in The Life and Growth of Language (75), also influenced Saussure.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1765.12.8. マサチューセッツ,ウェストボロ
[没]1825.1.8. コネティカット,ニューヘーブン
アメリカの発明家。農家に生れる。少年時代から機械に対する才能を発揮し,エール大学在学中も新しい装置を工夫。大学卒業 (1792) 後,ジョージア州の綿業者との交友をきっかけに「ジン」と呼ばれる綿繰機を発明した。この機械は1列に並べて植えた大釘に綿の実を通過させて種子を繊維から分離するという簡単な構造だったために模倣されて,特許は取ったものの実益はなかった。しかしこの機械の急速な普及により,綿の品質と価格が飛躍的に変化し,アメリカ綿業の進歩に大きく貢献した。 1798年小銃の生産に転じ,政府に納めるマスケット銃の製作を契約,部品を標準化し,他の製品の部品と互換可能とした。この生産方法はのちに他の政府兵器廠や各種製造業者により採用されて発展し,アメリカ式生産方式とも呼ばれる大量生産の基礎となった。

ホイットニー
Whitney, William Collins

[生]1841.7.5. マサチューセッツ,コンウェー
[没]1904.2.2. ニューヨーク
アメリカの実業家,政治家。 1863年エール大学卒業後,ハーバード大学で法律を学び,ニューヨークで弁護士を開業。 S.ティルデンの信頼を得て「ツウィード派」に対する戦いを進め,70年代の腐敗したニューヨーク市自治体の再建に尽力。 84年大統領選挙で G.クリーブランドを支持,85~89年海軍長官をつとめ,近代海軍の育成に貢献。 92年の大統領選挙ではクリーブランドの再選に重要な役割を果した。公務を退いてのち,ニューヨークの市電,電気関係の実業家として活躍。

ホイットニー
Whitney, William Dwight

[生]1827.2.9. マサチューセッツ,ノーサンプトン
[没]1894.6.7. コネティカット,ニューヘーブン
アメリカの言語学者。エール大学のサンスクリット語と比較言語学の教授を長くつとめ,『アタルバ・ベーダ』 Atharva Vedaの編集や注釈,『サンスクリット語文法』A Sanskrit Grammar (1879) などの著書がある。また言語を一種の社会習慣とする彼の言語観は『言語の生命と成長』 The Life and Growth of Language (75) などに述べられ,ソシュールにも影響を与えた。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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