Bohr, Niels (Henrik David)

Japanese: ボーア（英語表記）Bohr，Niels (Henrik David)

Born: October 7, 1885 in Copenhagen
[Died] November 18, 1962. Danish theoretical physicist. His father was a professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen. After receiving his doctorate from the University of Copenhagen in 1911, he went to England to study. He worked under J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford. He commuted between England and Denmark until he was appointed professor at the University of Copenhagen in 1916. In 1921, he founded the Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics, became its director, and built it into one of the world's leading institutes. In 1913, he combined Rutherford's atomic model with Planck's quantum hypothesis to successfully explain the spectrum of the hydrogen atom (→ Bohr's atomic theory). Since then, he played a central role in the construction of quantum theory. In 1918, he announced the correspondence principle that relates classical theory and quantum theory, and in 1927, he developed the concept of complementarity to address the epistemological problems raised by quantum theory. In the 1930s, when atomic nuclei became the subject of research, he proposed the liquid-drop model of the nucleus, which had a major impact on nuclear theory. In 1940, his home country was occupied by the German army, and in 1943, feeling in danger, he fled to Sweden with his family. He then cooperated with his son AN Bohr in the development of the atomic bomb in England and the United States, but after World War II he devoted himself to the movement for the peaceful use of atomic energy. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.

Bohr
Bohr, Aage N.

Born: June 19, 1922 in Copenhagen
[Died] September 8, 2009. Danish physicist. Full name Aage Niels Bohr. Born as the son of Niels Bohr, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. He studied at the University of Copenhagen, but while still a student, he went to the United States in the 1940s and worked with his father on the development of the atomic bomb at Los Alamos. After World War II, he returned to the United States in 1946 and joined the Niels Bohr Institute for Theoretical Physics, which his father founded, and served as its director from 1963 to 1970. During that time, he obtained his doctorate in 1954. In the early 1950s, inspired by the theory of Leo J. Rainwater, he completed the theory of collective motion of atomic nuclei together with Ben R. Mottelson, and experimentally proved that the motion of nucleons deforms atomic nuclei. This overturned the conventional theory that all atomic nuclei are always perfectly spherical, and was an important step in the research and development of nuclear fusion. In 1975, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics together with Rainwater and Mottelson.

Bohr

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Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1885.10.7. コペンハーゲン
[没]1962.11.18. コペンハーゲン
デンマークの理論物理学者。父はコペンハーゲン大学の生理学教授。 1911年コペンハーゲン大学から学位を取得後，イギリスへ留学。 J. J.トムソン，E.ラザフォードらのもとで研究。 16年コペンハーゲン大学の教授に任命されるまで，イギリスとデンマークの間を往復。 21年にコペンハーゲン理論物理学研究所を創設し，みずから所長となり，世界でも有数の研究所に育て上げた。 1913年ラザフォードの原子模型とプランクの量子仮説とを組合せ，水素原子のスペクトルの説明に成功 (→ボーアの原子理論 ) 。これ以後量子論建設に中心的な役割を果した。 18年古典論と量子論を関係づける対応原理を発表，27年量子論の提起した認識論的問題に対して相補性の概念を展開。 1930年代原子核が研究対象になるに及び，核の液滴模型を提出し，原子核理論に大きな影響を与えた。 40年母国がドイツ軍に占領され，43年身の危険を感じ一家でスウェーデンに逃れた。その後息子の A.N.ボーアとともにイギリス，アメリカで原子爆弾開発に協力したが，第2次世界大戦後は原子力の平和利用運動に尽力した。 1922年ノーベル物理学賞受賞。

ボーア
Bohr, Aage N.

[生]1922.6.19. コペンハーゲン
[没]2009.9.8. コペンハーゲン
デンマークの物理学者。フルネーム Aage Niels Bohr。1922年にノーベル物理学賞を受賞したニルス・ボーアの子として生まれた。コペンハーゲン大学に学ぶが，在学中の 1940年代にアメリカ合衆国に渡り，父とともにロスアラモスで原子爆弾の開発に従事した。第2次世界大戦後の 1946年に帰国し，父が設立したニルス・ボーア理論物理学研究所に加わり，1963～70年同所長。その間の 1954年に博士号を取得。1950年代前半，レオ・J.レインウォーターの理論に触発され，ベン・R.モッテルソンとともに原子核の集団運動の理論を完成，核子の運動が原子核を変形させることを実験で証明した。これはすべての原子核は常に完全な球形であるとする従来の理論を覆すもので，核融合の研究・開発にとって重要な一歩となった。1975年，レインウォーター，モッテルソンとともにノーベル物理学賞を受賞した。