Substation - Hendensho

Japanese: 変電所 - へんでんしょ
Substation - Hendensho

A facility that uses transformers or rectifiers to convert AC power from outside the premises into AC or DC power of different voltages and then sends it out again in the process of sending electricity from a power plant to consumers. The former type of conversion is done by substations of general power grids, while a typical example of the latter type of conversion is a substation for electric railways.

In Japan, generators were installed in large cities in the mid-Meiji period, and AC power was distributed at about 1,000 volts. However, the scale of the generators from this period did not make them substations. In the late Meiji period, hydroelectric power plants were built far from cities, and electricity was transmitted through transmission lines of tens of thousands of volts, giving birth to substations in the modern sense. As the demand for electricity increased dramatically, many large-power power plants were built, and high voltages were adopted one after another to transmit large amounts of electricity. Naturally, substations also became high-voltage and large-capacity, and they played an extremely important role in connecting with other systems. In addition, hydroelectric and thermal power plants also use transformers to increase the voltage so that electricity can be easily sent through transmission lines, but this is considered to be part of the power plant's facilities. The role of substations in the power system is to convert and adjust the voltage of the transmission and distribution system, protect the transmission and distribution lines, and adjust the flow of electricity.

[Takayuki Matsuda]

Classification

The classification of substations is not very clear, but they are usually classified as extra-high voltage substations (275 kV/154 kV, 500 kV/275 kV class, etc.), primary substations (154 kV/66 kV class), intermediate substations (66 kV/22 kV class), and distribution substations (66 kV/6.6 kV class).

They can be broadly classified according to the control method into manual control, automatic control, and remote control. Remotely controlled substations are substations that are controlled from a distant substation or control center, and this method is widely used in intermediate substations and distribution substations. Also, according to their appearance, they can be classified into indoor substations, outdoor substations, semi-outdoor substations, underground substations, etc. In large cities, most substations are underground.

[Takayuki Matsuda]

Facilities

Substation equipment includes transformers, voltage regulation equipment, circuit breakers and disconnectors, lightning arresters, instruments, protective relays, and distribution panels. Transformers transform voltage and are available in single-phase and three-phase types, with three-phase types being used because they are more economical. Transformer capacities vary widely, from 1.5 million kilowatts for extra-high voltage substations to around 10,000 kilowatts for distribution substations. Voltage regulation equipment includes power capacitors and shunt reactors, which are used to regulate voltage along with transformer tap changers. Lightning arresters protect equipment in substations from lightning voltages that may enter through transmission and distribution lines. Instruments include ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters, and are used to detect the operating status, load status, and circuit voltage status of the substation. Protective relays quickly detect accidents in equipment or transmission and distribution lines and send a cutoff signal to the circuit breaker to automatically isolate the accident point from the circuit. A distribution board is a panel on which instruments, relays, and various alarm devices are arranged to monitor and control circuit breakers and other equipment.

An electric railway substation receives tens of thousands of volts of AC power, converts it to a thousand or so volts of AC power using a transformer, then uses a rectifier to create a DC voltage of around 1,500 volts, and sends this to the overhead contact lines. In AC sections, the AC voltage is sent directly to the overhead contact lines.

[Takayuki Matsuda]

[Reference] | Power Transmission
Main equipment of substation
©Shogakukan ">

Main equipment of substation


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

発電所からの電力を需要家に送る過程で、変圧器または整流機器などによって、構外からの交流電力を異なった電圧の交流または直流電力に変え、ふたたび構外に送り出す施設。前者の交流電力に変えるものは、一般の電力系統の変電所で、後者の直流電力に変える代表的なものとしては、電気鉄道用変電所がある。

 日本では、明治の中期に大都市に発電機を設置して、1000ボルト程度の交流配電が行われた。しかし、この年代のものは、規模からいって変電所の形態をなしていない。明治の後期になって、都市から遠く離れた水力発電所が建設され、数万ボルトの送電線によって送電され、現在いわれている意味の変電所が誕生した。電力需要が著しく増大し、大電力発電所が多数建設され、大電力の送電を行うにつれ、次々と高電圧が採用されている。当然、変電所も高電圧・大容量となり、また他系統との連系のため、きわめて重要な役割を果たしている。なお、水力発電所や火力発電所などでも、電力を送電線で送りやすいように、変圧器を用いて高電圧にあげているが、これは発電所の設備の一部とされている。変電所の電力系統における役割としては、送配電系統電圧の変換・調整、送配電線の保護、電力潮流の調整などがある。

[松田高幸]

分類

変電所の分類はあまり明確ではないが、普通、超高圧変電所(275キロボルト/154キロボルト、500キロボルト/275キロボルトクラスなど)、一次変電所(154キロボルト/66キロボルトクラス)、中間変電所(66キロボルト/22キロボルトクラス)、配電変電所(66キロボルト/6.6キロボルトクラス)に分類されている。

 制御方式によって分類すると、手動制御式、自動制御式、遠方制御式に大別できる。遠方制御式変電所は、遠方の変電所または制御所から制御される変電所で、中間変電所や配電用変電所ではこの方式が多くなっている。また、外観的な形態からは、屋内変電所、屋外変電所、半屋外変電所、地下変電所などに分類される。大都市ではほとんどが地下変電所である。

[松田高幸]

設備

変電所の設備としては、変圧器、電圧調整設備、遮断器および断路器、避雷器、計器、保護リレー、配電盤などがある。変圧器は電圧の変成を行うもので、単相型と三相型とがあるが、経済的に有利な三相型が用いられている。変圧器の容量は、超高圧変電所用の150万キロワットから配電変電所用の1万キロワット程度のものまで大きな差がある。電圧調整設備は、電力用コンデンサー、分路リアクトルなどで、変圧器のタップ切替え装置とともに電圧の調整に用いられる。避雷器は、送配電線から侵入する雷電圧などから変電所内の機器を守るためのもの。計器は、変電所の運転状態、負荷状態、回路電圧状態などを検知するもので、電流計、電圧計、電力計などである。保護リレーは、機器や送配電線の事故の際、事故点を回路から自動的に切り離すために、事故をすばやく検出し、遮断器に遮断信号を送るものである。また配電盤は、遮断器その他の機器を監視・制御するために、計器、リレー、各種警報装置を配列した盤である。

 電気鉄道用変電所は、数万ボルトの交流電力を受け入れ、これを変圧器によって千数百ボルトの交流電圧とし、さらに整流器によって1500ボルト程度の直流電圧をつくり、これを電車線に送るところである。交流区間では交流電圧をそのまま電車線に送る。

[松田高幸]

[参照項目] | 送電
変電所のおもな設備
©Shogakukan">

変電所のおもな設備


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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