An air current that flows from west to east, although it also has a southerly or northerly component. The area where this wind prevails is called the westerlies. It is also called the mid-latitude westerlies (belt) because it prevails in the mid-latitudes of both the northern and southern hemispheres. It prevails between 30 and 65 degrees latitude, but spreads to lower latitudes in winter and shrinks to higher latitudes in summer. The existence of this air current can be easily recognized by the movement of clouds, volcanic ash, balloons, and tailwinds and headwinds that aircraft experience in the sky. In temperate and polar zones, highly mobile low pressure systems, typhoons, fronts, etc. move eastward, and the weather often shifts from west to east as a result, which is also due to the existence of the westerlies. The origin of the westerly winds is attributed to the difference in pressure (more pronounced at higher altitudes) caused by the temperature difference between high and low latitudes, and the influence of the Earth's rotation (the turning force). The westerly winds, which circle the mid-latitudes around the poles, meander north and south and have the nature of a wave. This is called the westerly wind wave, or Rossby wave, named after the meteorologist Rossby, who first elucidated the nature of this wave. The westerly wind wave includes very long waves with wavelengths of around 10,000 kilometers, long waves of around 3,000 to 8,000 kilometers, and short waves of less than 3,000 kilometers, each of which has a different origin and behavior. The westerly winds meander to carry warm air from south to north and cold air from north to south, thus playing a role in mitigating the temperature of the entire Earth. Another important property of the westerly winds is that they form a narrow area with particularly strong wind speeds, i.e., the jet stream zone. Many of the characteristics of the weather, from daily to seasonal changes, can often be explained by the behavior of the westerly winds and the jet stream. The balloon bombs used by the Japanese military at the end of World War II took advantage of the movement of these air currents. [Atsushi Kurashima and Takashi Aoki] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
南または北向きの成分をもちながらも、おおむね西から東に向かって流れる気流。この風の卓越する地帯を偏西風帯という。南北両半球の中緯度に卓越するため中緯度偏西風(帯)ともよばれる。緯度30~65度帯に卓越するが、冬は低緯度側に広がり、夏は高緯度に縮小する。この気流の存在は、雲、火山灰、気球などの動き、航空機が上空で受ける追い風、向かい風などから容易に認められる。また温帯や寒帯では、移動性の高い低気圧や台風、前線などが東進し、それに伴い天気も西から東へ移ることが多いが、これも偏西風の存在による。 偏西風の成因は、高緯度と低緯度の温度差によって生じる気圧差(上空ほど著しい)と、地球回転の影響(転向力)に帰せられる。極を中心に中緯度帯の上空を一周する偏西風は、南北に蛇行して流れ、波動の性質をもつ。これを偏西風波動といい、また、この波動の本質を最初に解明した気象学者ロスビーの名をとってロスビー波という。偏西風波動には、波長が1万キロメートル前後の超長波、3000~8000キロメートル程度の長波、3000キロメートル程度以下の短波があり、それぞれ成因もふるまいも異なる。偏西風は蛇行することにより南から北へ暖気を、そして北から南へ寒気を運び、地球全体の温度を緩和する役割を果たしている。偏西風のもつもう一つの重要な性質は、その中にとくに風速の強い狭い区域、すなわちジェット気流帯を形成することである。日々の天気変化から季節変化まで、その特徴の多くは、偏西風波動とジェット気流のふるまいによって説明されることが多い。第二次世界大戦末期に日本軍が使用した風船爆弾は、この気流の動きを利用したものであった。 [倉嶋 厚・青木 孝] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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