In the broad sense, it is an area where metamorphic rocks are distributed. This does not only refer to an area on the surface of the earth, but also to a three-dimensional space that extends underground. Within the so-called orogenic belt, there is a long area where crystalline schist and gneiss are distributed. For example, the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt in Japan is 700 kilometers long and 50 kilometers wide. In the narrow sense, a metamorphic belt refers to such a belt-like wide-area distribution of metamorphic rocks. It is thought that this was caused by a large-scale change in the geothermal gradient and significant deformation of rocks in part of the earth's crust due to mountain building. Metamorphic belts are classified into several types depending on the magnitude of the temperature gradient, and each type produces characteristic minerals and rocks. When the temperature gradient is high, the ratio of pressure to temperature (P/T) is low, and minerals that are stable at relatively low pressures, such as andalusite and cordierite, appear. The Ryoke metamorphic belt in Japan is a typical example of this. On the other hand, in metamorphic belts where the pressure is high relative to the temperature, i.e. where the P/T is high, minerals that are stable at high pressure, such as glaucophane, jadeite, lawsonite, and aragonite, appear. Examples of this are the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt in Japan and the Franciscan metamorphic belt on the west coast of the United States. Under a geothermal gradient intermediate between the two, intermediate-pressure regional metamorphic belts are formed, characterized by kyanite, garnet, and staurolite. Representative examples of this are the metamorphic belts of the Scottish Highlands in the United Kingdom and the Appalachian Mountains in the United States. Large amounts of granite are intruded into low-pressure and intermediate-pressure metamorphic belts, but there does not appear to be a direct relationship between the temperature distribution within the metamorphic belt and the distribution of granite. On the other hand, no granite intrusions are seen in high-pressure metamorphic belts, and instead serpentine is widely distributed. In circum-Pacific orogenic belts, low-pressure and high-pressure metamorphic belts often run parallel to the extension of the orogenic belt. The latter are on the Pacific side, and the former on the inside. For example, in southwestern Japan, the Sanbagawa high-pressure metamorphic belt is located on the outside, or Pacific side, of the Median Tectonic Line, and the Ryoke low-pressure metamorphic belt is located on the inside. When two types of metamorphic belts with different temperature gradients run parallel to each other like this, they are sometimes called "paired metamorphic belts." When contact metamorphic rocks are formed in the surrounding area following the intrusion of igneous magma, the distribution area is sometimes called a contact "metamorphic belt." [Mitsuo Hashimoto] ©Shogakukan "> Regional metamorphic belts in the Japanese archipelago Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
広義には変成岩の分布する地域。これは単に地表面の区域だけではなく、地下にまで広がりをもつ三次元的空間である。いわゆる造山帯の内部には、結晶片岩や片麻(へんま)岩が分布する長大な地域がある。その広さは、たとえば日本の三波川(さんばがわ)変成帯では、長さ700キロメートル、幅50キロメートルに及ぶ。変成帯は、狭義にはこのような帯状の広域変成岩分布域をいう。これは、造山運動に伴って、地殻の一部に地温勾配(こうばい)の大規模な変化と、岩石の著しい変形とがおこったために生じたもの、と考えられている。変成帯は温度勾配の大小によって、いくつかの型に分類され、それぞれ特徴的な鉱物や岩石を産する。温度勾配が高い場合には、温度に対する圧力の比(P/T)が低く、紅柱石や菫青(きんせい)石のような比較的低圧で安定な鉱物が出現する。日本の領家(りょうけ)変成帯はこの典型的な例である。一方、温度に対して圧力が高い、つまりP/Tが大きい変成帯では、高圧で安定な鉱物、たとえば藍閃(らんせん)石、ひすい輝石、ローソン石、アラゴナイトなどが出現する。日本の三波川変成帯やアメリカ西海岸のフランシスカン変成帯がこの例である。前記二つの中間的な地温勾配の下では、藍晶石、ざくろ石、十字石などで特徴づけられる中間圧力型広域変成帯が形成される。イギリスのスコットランド高地やアメリカのアパラチア山脈の変成帯はこれの代表である。低圧型と中間型の変成帯には、大量の花崗(かこう)岩が貫入しているが、変成帯内部の温度分布と花崗岩の分布とは、直接には関係がないようにみえる。一方、高圧変成帯には花崗岩の貫入がみられず、かわって蛇紋岩が広く分布している。 環太平洋の造山帯では、しばしば、低圧型と高圧型の変成帯が造山帯の延長に平行に並走している。そして、後者が太平洋側にあり、前者がその内側に位置している。たとえば、西南日本では、中央構造線を境として、その外側つまり太平洋側に三波川高圧変成帯が、内側に領家低圧変成帯が分布している。このように、温度勾配の異なる二つの型の変成帯が並走する場合、これらを「対をなす変成帯」ということがある。 火成岩マグマの貫入に伴って、周囲に接触変成岩が生じた場合にも、その分布域を接触「変成帯」ということがある。 [橋本光男] ©Shogakukan"> 日本列島の広域変成帯 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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