Its official name is the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and it is one of the treaties for the international protection of copyright, along with the Universal Copyright Convention (1952). Prior to the establishment of this treaty, when a work created by a foreigner was to be protected in one's own country, or when a work created by a national of one's own country was to be protected in another country, each country had to enact legislation to grant copyright to foreigners, with the expectation of reciprocity, and then conclude treaties with other countries individually with the aim of protecting the copyrights of the other country's nationals on the basis of this legislation, i.e., the conclusion of bilateral treaties. However, such bilateral treaties were ineffective in relations with third countries other than the contracting parties, and because each country's copyright legislation imposed complicated requirements such as registration for copyright acquisition, it was difficult for the nationals of the other country to actually acquire copyright, even if they were granted it, and the effectiveness of international copyright protection was still low. Therefore, the demand for international copyright protection by means other than bilateral treaties began to be advocated, particularly by the International Society of Writers, which was organized by literary figures from each country. In response to this, an international conference was called in 1884 at the request of the Swiss government, and this treaty was established in Bern, Switzerland in 1886. This treaty has undergone several amendments since its establishment and remains in its current form. Japan has been a party to it since 1899 (Meiji 32). As of September 2014, 168 countries have joined the treaty, including the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, the United States, and Russia. The features of this treaty are as follows: (1) Principle of national treatment Works by authors who are nationals of a member state of the Berne Convention (hereinafter referred to as member states), whether published or unpublished in other member states, shall enjoy the rights that the laws of that state now or may hereafter confer upon its nationals, and the rights specifically conferred by this treaty. (2) Principle of no formalities The enjoyment of the author's rights does not require registration, deposit, or any other formality or procedure. (3) Protected works Works that are protected are "literary and artistic works," and specifically, all works that fall within the literary, scientific, and artistic spheres, regardless of the method or form of expression, such as books, pamphlets, and other documents, lectures, speeches, sermons, and other works of a similar nature, dramatic or dramatic works, works of dance and pantomime, musical compositions, cinematographic works, drawings, paintings, architecture, sculptures, prints, applied arts, maps and other drawings and models. (4) Term of protection During the author's life and for 50 years after his death. However, national law is free to provide for a longer period: in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous works, 50 years from the time the work was lawfully made available to the public. [Masao Handa] "Copyright Law Introduction" by Masao Handa, 8th Edition (1997, Ichiryusha) " "Copyright and Its Surroundings" by Koji Abe (1983, Nippon Hyoronsha) " C. Mazuillet, translated by Tokutaro Kurokawa, "Berne Convention Article-by-Article Commentary" (1979, Copyright Resources Association)" [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
正式名を「文学的及び美術的著作物の保護に関するベルヌ条約」Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Worksといい、万国著作権条約(1952)と並んで著作権の国際的保護のための条約の一つである。 この条約の制定前は、外国人の創作した著作物を自国で保護する場合、あるいは自国人の創作した著作物が外国で保護を受ける場合には、各国が相互主義を予定して外国人にも著作権を認める立法をなし、これを基礎として相互に相手方国民の著作権を保護することを目的とする条約を個別的に他国と結ぶという方法、つまり二国間条約の締結という方法しかなかった。しかし、このような二国間条約は締約当事国以外の第三国との関係において無力であるし、また各国の著作権立法が著作権取得のために登録その他の複雑な要件をそれぞれ課しているために、相手方国の国民はせっかく著作権を認められても、これを現実に取得することは困難で、国際的著作権保護としての実効性は依然乏しいものでしかなかった。そこで、二国間条約以外の方法により著作権を国際的に保護する要請が、とくに各国の文学者をもって組織される国際文芸家協会を中心に主張されるようになり、これを受けたスイス政府の呼びかけによって、1884年国際会議が招集され、1886年スイスのベルンで成立したのが、本条約である。本条約は制定後数度の改正を経て現在に至っている。日本は1899年(明治32)以来これに加入している。2014年9月時点で本条約に加入している国は、イギリス、ドイツ、フランス、イタリア、アメリカ、ロシアなど168か国に達している。 本条約の特徴は次の諸点にある。(1)内国民待遇の原則 ベルヌ条約加盟国(以下、加盟国という)の国民である著作者の著作物は、他の加盟国においては発行・未発行のいかんを問わず、その国の法令が自国民に現在与えており、または将来与えることがある権利およびこの条約がとくに与える権利を享有する。(2)無方式主義 著作者の権利の享有には、登録、納本その他いかなる方式、手続をも必要としない。(3)保護を受ける著作物 「文学的および美術的著作物」が保護の対象となる著作物であるが、具体的には、表現の方法・形式のいかんを問わず、書籍・小冊子その他の文書、講演・演説・説教その他これらと同性質の著作物、演劇用または楽劇用の著作物、舞踊・無言劇の著作物、楽曲、映画著作物、素描・絵画・建築・彫刻・版画、応用美術、地図その他の図面・模型などの文芸、学術および美術の範囲に属するすべての製作物。(4)保護期間 著作者の生存中およびその死後50年。しかし、国内法によってこれより長い期間を定めることは自由である。無名または変名の著作物の場合は、著作物が適法に公衆に提供されたときから50年。 [半田正夫] 『半田正夫著『著作権法概説』第八版(1997・一粒社)』▽『阿部浩二著『著作権とその周辺』(1983・日本評論社)』▽『C・マズイエ著、黒川徳太郎訳『ベルヌ条約逐条解説』(1979・著作権資料協会)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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