It is mainly used to mean a higher education institution with the right to award degrees, but it can also refer to a constituent department of a comprehensive university. Its origins lie in the boarding houses of the universities of Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge in the Middle Ages. Initially, many of these boarding houses were established with donations from monasteries and nobles, but in the 13th century, they gradually became organized as legal corporations and became places of education and research where teachers and students lived together. In England, in particular, it developed into a unique boarding school education, along with a tutor system that provided individual guidance to students. This British-style college was introduced to the United States, where it gradually evolved in its own way and came to mean a four-year educational institution in which students could obtain a bachelor's degree. At first, classical liberal arts were the main focus, but in the late 19th century, natural sciences and practical studies were added to the curriculum. As academic research and advanced specialized education became more important, graduate schools (graduate schools) and professional schools (professional schools) were added one after another, and by adding four-year colleges to these, universities developed into comprehensive higher education institutions. In the 20th century, two-year junior colleges also became popular, and thus the terms "college" and "university" came to be used as general terms for higher education institutions in the United States. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
主として学位授与権をもつ高等教育機関の意味で使われているが,総合大学の構成学部をさすこともある。その起源は中世のパリ,オックスフォード,ケンブリッジ各大学の寄宿舎にある。当初これらの寄宿舎は修道院や貴族の寄付金によって設立されるものが多かったが,13世紀に入ると法律に基づく法人団体として次第に組織的なものとなり,教師と学生がともに起居する教育,研究の場所となった。イギリスでは特に,学生を個人指導するチューター制度とともに,独特な寄宿舎教育として発展した。このイギリス風のカレッジはアメリカに移入され,次第に独自の変遷をとげ,学士号をとる4年制の教育機関を意味するようになった。初めは古典的教養が主とされたが,19世紀後半になると,自然科学や実用的な学問が授業科目に加えられた。また学問研究や高度の専門教育が重視されるに伴い,大学院 (グラデュエート・スクール) や専門学校 (プロフェッショナル・スクール) が次々に付設され,これに4年制カレッジを加えた総合高等教育機関としてユニバーシティ (大学) が発展した。 20世紀には2年制のジュニア・カレッジも普及した。こうしてアメリカでは,カレッジ・アンド・ユニバーシティが高等教育機関の総称として使われている。
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