Italian composer. Born in Busseto on October 10th. He acquired basic knowledge of music in church, and with the help of Probasi, the director of the Busseto Conservatory, who noticed his talent, and financial supporters, he continued to study. In 1832, he attempted to enter the Milan Conservatory, but failed, and received private lessons from a musician at La Scala. In 1836, he was appointed conductor at the Basilica of St. Bartolomeo in Busseto, succeeding Probasi, who had held the position. To enrich the musical life in Busseto, Verdi composed symphonies, masses, songs, and other works, and also worked as a music teacher. However, Verdi had been fascinated by opera since his time in Milan, and he had become passionate about composing operas. In 1834, while studying in Milan, he completed his first opera, Oberto, which premiered at La Scala in 1839 and was a great success. The comical King for a Day, which premiered the following year, was a failure, and Verdi, in his disappointment, even considered giving up on composing operas. However, La Scala's manager, Merelli, gave him the libretto of Nabucco, which had been commissioned by Nicolai but had essentially been left untouched, and encouraged him to compose. Verdi was touched by the contents of the libretto, and he concentrated on composing, and Nabucco premiered at La Scala in 1842. The performance was a great success, and the song "Fly, My Heart on Golden Wings", sung by the Jews, was widely sung like a second national anthem during the Italian movement for national unification (Risorgimento) at the time. The success of Nabucco established him not only as an opera composer but also as a symbol of Italian patriotism. Starting with "Ernani," which he composed at the request of the Teatro La Fenice in Venice in 1844, Verdi released a succession of new works for opera houses throughout Italy, but because he was so prolific, many of his works lacked truly innovative elements. "Macbeth," which was released in 1847, was the first work by Shakespeare, to whom he was deeply devoted, and is considered to be the work in which Verdi broke new ground in the active expression of deep human emotions such as hatred and reverie. This work marked a shift in Italian opera, which had previously been dominated by bel canto opera such as that of Bellini, toward greater dramatic unity and psychological expression. After several works, between 1851 and 1853, Verdi released three masterpieces, each with a different character: "Rigoletto," "Trovatore," and "La Traviata." Though the directions were different, the maturity of his expression and the perfection of his writing style further increased, with "Rigoletto" depicting psychological and character traits and sharp dramatic expression, "Trovatore" pursuing melodic beauty, and "Traviata" exploring lyricism. At the same time, the voice began to be used as a tool of expression more closely linked to drama, rather than as an expression of the singer's technique. His next work, Vespers Siciliana (1855), was written in the style of French grand opera. Un ballo in maschera, which premiered in 1859, was commissioned by the Teatro San Carlo in Naples, but the Kingdom of Naples did not approve the opera, so the composer changed the setting of the story and the names of the characters before releasing it. Like Nabucco, this work played a role in inspiring patriotism in the era when Sardinian King Vittorio Emanuele II was trying to unify Italy and was about to challenge Austria. Verdi married in 1859, the year Un ballo in maschera premiered, and was elected to the lower house of parliament in 1861. As his fame grew, he received many requests to compose from other countries. La forza del destino (1862) was commissioned by the St. Petersburg Opera House, while Don Carlo (1867) based on Schiller's play (1787) was commissioned by the Paris Opera. Aida (1871) was commissioned to inaugurate the opera house built in Cairo to commemorate the opening of the Suez Canal. These works combine grand scale, spectacle and dramatic tension. After Aida, Verdi left opera for 16 years. During this time, he revised his earlier work with the help of Arrigo Boito, and after several years of various revisions, he produced his next work, Otello (1887). In this work, again based on Shakespeare, the expression of voice and orchestra is pursued even more, and the division of songs and the division of aria and recitative are abolished. His final work, Falstaff (1893), was also an opera based on Shakespeare's work, and had a strong comic character. After this, Verdi did not compose for the theater, but composed religious works such as Four Sacred Songs, and died in Milan on January 27, 1901. He invested the fortune he gained from the success of his operas into music. One of these facilities, the House of Rest (Milan), for elderly musicians, is featured in the documentary film Il bacio di Tosca (1984). In the history of Italian opera, Verdi was active as the only unique opera composer who was active in the period that connected the bel canto opera of the first half of the 19th century with the verismo opera that began at the end of the 19th century. His life span almost overlapped with that of Wagner. Both composers pursued the integration of music and drama to the utmost, but their methods were completely different, and there was no interaction or direct influence between them. Since the 1980s, his early works before "Rigoletto" have also attracted attention, and are being performed more frequently, and comparative research of different versions (first and revised versions) has also progressed. In 2001, the 100th anniversary of his death was marked, with commemorative events held all over the country. [Yoshio Miyama] "Verdi" by Fukuhara Nobuo (1966, Ongaku No Tomo Sha)" ▽ "Verdi" by Petit, translated by Takasaki Yasuo (1970, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Verdi" by D. Hussey, translated by Nagatake Yoshiyuki (1974, Ongaku No Tomo Sha)" ▽ "Verdi: A Critical Biography, Volumes 1 and 2, by G. Tarozzi, translated by Obata Tsuneo (1992, Soshisha) " ▽ "Verdi" by Hans Kühner, translated by Iwashita Kumiko (1994, Ongaku No Tomo Sha)" ▽ "Composer's Famous Pieces Commentary Library 24: Verdi and Puccini (1995), edited and published by Ongaku No Tomo Sha" ▽ "Two Hundred Years of Master and Disciple - Verdi and Shakespeare" by Fukuo Yoshiaki (1999, Ongaku No Tomo Sha)" ▽ "My Verdi - 12 Masterpiece Operas as Discussed by 16 Artists" (2001, Ongaku No Tomo Sha), edited by Leonetta Bentevoli and translated by Shirasaki Yoko ; "Verdi - An Autobiography in Letters" (2001, Kawai Publishing), edited by Aldo Oberdorfer and translated by Matsumoto Yasuko ; "Golden Wings = Giuseppe Verdi" by Kato Hiroko (2002, Tokyo Shoseki); "Verdi's Opera - Exploring the Appeal of His Complete Works" by Nagatake Yoshiyuki (2002, Ongaku No Tomo Sha) [References] | | | Traviata| | |©Shogakukan "> List of Verdi's operas Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イタリアの作曲家。10月10日ブッセートに生まれる。教会で音楽の基礎知識を習得、才能に注目したブッセート音楽院長プロベーシや経済的支援者の助けで研鑽(けんさん)を重ねた。1832年ミラノ音楽院に入学しようと試みるが失敗、スカラ座付きの音楽家に個人教授を受ける。36年、師プロベーシが占めていたブッセートの聖バルトロメオ教会楽長の後任者に任命された。ベルディは、ブッセートの音楽生活を豊かにするため、交響曲、ミサ曲、歌曲などを作曲、また音楽教師としても活動した。 しかし、ベルディはミラノ時代からオペラに魅了され、オペラの作曲に情熱を傾けるようになっていた。ミラノにおける勉学時代の1834年、最初のオペラ『オベルト』を完成、39年になってスカラ座で初演され、成功を収めた。翌40年に初演された喜劇的内容の『一日だけの王様』は失敗に終わり、失意に陥ったベルディは、一時はオペラ作曲を断念しようとも考えた。しかし、スカラ座支配人メレッリは彼に、ニコライに作曲を依頼したものの実質的には放置されたままになっていた台本『ナブッコ』を渡し、作曲を促した。台本の内容に共感したベルディは作曲に集中、42年にスカラ座で『ナブッコ』は初演された。上演は大成功となり、とくにユダヤ人たちが歌う「行け、思いよ、黄金の翼にのって」は、当時のイタリアの祖国統一運動(リソルジメント)のなかで、第二の国歌のように広く歌われた。『ナブッコ』の成功は、彼をオペラ作曲家としてばかりでなくイタリアの愛国心の象徴にまでした。 1844年にベネチアのフェニーチェ劇場の依頼で作曲した『エルナニ』を皮切りに、ベルディはイタリア各地の歌劇場のために次々に新作を発表したが、多作のため真に革新的な要素は欠けた作品が多くなった。47年発表の『マクベス』は、彼が傾倒していたシェークスピアによる最初の作品であるとともに、ベルディが憎悪・夢想といった人間感情の深部の積極的表現に新しい領域を開いた作品と位置づけられる。この作品によって、ベッリーニなどのベルカント・オペラが主流であったイタリア・オペラは、より劇的な統一性、心理的な表現をとる方向へと変わっていった。 いくつかの作品ののち、1851年から53年にかけて、ベルディは『リゴレット』『トロバトーレ』『トラビアータ(椿姫(つばきひめ))』というそれぞれ性格の異なる三つの傑作を相次いで発表した。『リゴレット』における心理・性格の描写、鋭い劇的表現、『トロバトーレ』における旋律美の追究、『トラビアータ』の叙情性の探究と、方向こそ異なるが表現の円熟、書法の完成度は一段と高まり、それとともに、声は、歌手の技巧の表現としてではなく、いっそうドラマに結び付いた表現の道具として用いられるようになった。 次作『シチリア島の夕べの祈り』(1855)は、フランスのグランド・オペラの様式による作品である。1859年に初演された『仮面舞踏会』は、ナポリのサン・カルロ劇場の依頼によるものだが、ナポリ王国はオペラ化を認めず、作曲者は物語の舞台と人物名を変更して発表した。この作品は、サルデーニャ国王ビットリオ・エマヌエレ2世がイタリア統一を目ざしてオーストリアに戦いを挑もうとしていた時代情勢のなかで、『ナブッコ』同様愛国心を鼓舞する役割を果たした。ベルディは『仮面舞踏会』初演の59年に結婚式をあげ、61年には国会の下院議員に選任された。名声の高まった彼のもとには諸外国からも作曲の依頼が相次いだ。『運命の力』(1862)はロシアのペテルブルグ帝室歌劇場、シラーの戯曲(1787)による『ドン・カルロ』(1867)はパリ・オペラ座の依嘱作であった。また次の『アイーダ』(1871)は、スエズ運河開通記念にカイロに建てられた歌劇場の杮落(こけらおと)しのために依頼された作品である。これらの作品では、壮麗な規模、見せ場と、劇的な緊張が両立されている。『アイーダ』以後ベルディは、オペラ作曲から16年間にもわたり離れた。この間、彼はアリゴ・ボイートの助けを受けつつ旧作の改訂を行い、そして数年間にわたりさまざまな推敲(すいこう)を重ねた次作『オテロ』(1887)を発表した。ふたたびシェークスピアに基づくこの作品では、声と管弦楽が一体となった表現がいっそう追究され、歌ごとの区分やアリアとレチタティーボの区分などは廃されている。最後の作品『ファルスタッフ』(1893)もシェークスピアを原作とするオペラで、喜劇的性格が強い。これ以後ベルディは劇場のためには作曲せず、『聖歌四篇(へん)』などの宗教的作品を作曲し、1901年1月27日ミラノに没した。彼はオペラの成功で得た資産を音楽のために投じた。その一つである老いた音楽家のための施設「憩いの家」(ミラノ)は、ドキュメンタリー映画『トスカの接吻(せっぷん)』Il bacio di Tosca(1984)で紹介されている。 ベルディは、イタリア・オペラの歴史のなかでは、19世紀前半のベルカント・オペラと、19世紀末からのベリズモ・オペラを結ぶ時代に、ほとんど唯一の個性的オペラ作曲家として活躍した。その生涯はほぼワーグナーと重なっている。両者はともに音楽と劇との一体化を極限まで探究したが、その方法はまったく異なり、両者間の交流や直接的影響関係はなかった。1980年代以降は『リゴレット』以前の初期の作品も注目され、その上演も多くなり、さらに異稿(初版と改訂版)の比較研究も進展した。2001年には没後100周年を迎え、各地で記念行事が行われた。 [美山良夫] 『福原信夫著『ヴェルディ』(1966・音楽之友社)』▽『プティ著、高崎保男訳『ヴェルディ』(1970・白水社)』▽『D・ハッセー著、永竹由幸訳『ヴェルディ』(1974・音楽之友社)』▽『G・タロッツィ著、小畑恒夫訳『評伝ヴェルディ』上下(1992・草思社)』▽『ハンス・キューナー著、岩下久美子訳『ヴェルディ』(1994・音楽之友社)』▽『音楽之友社編・刊『作曲家別名曲解説ライブラリー24 ヴェルディ・プッチーニ』(1995)』▽『福尾芳昭著『二百年の師弟――ヴェルディとシェイクスピア』(1999・音楽之友社)』▽『レオネッタ・ベンテヴォリオ編著、白崎容子訳『わたしのヴェルディ――16人のアーティストが語る12の傑作オペラ』(2001・音楽之友社)』▽『アルド・オーベルドルフェル編著、松本康子訳『ヴェルディ――書簡による自伝』(2001・カワイ出版)』▽『加藤浩子著『黄金の翼=ジュゼッペ・ヴェルディ』(2002・東京書籍)』▽『永竹由幸著『ヴェルディのオペラ――全作品の魅力を探る』(2002・音楽之友社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> ベルディのオペラ作品一覧 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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