A general term for waterfowl belonging to the order Pelecaniformes and family Pelecanidae. Members of this family, Pelecanidae, are very large waterfowl with excellent flying and swimming abilities. Morphology and ecologyIts total length is about 114-170 cm. It has a heavy body, wide and long wings. It has a long neck and a short tail. Its legs are short but large and webbed. Its most distinctive feature is its long bill and the large, elastic throat pouch attached to its lower bill. It uses this like a net to catch fish. It is mainly found in tropical regions, but can also be found in temperate regions, living on coasts, inland lakes and marshes, and in estuaries. In the warm temperate and tropical regions of the Americas, there are ones with brown bodies, but most have white or gray feathers. They nest in colonies on islands, high rocks, mangrove treetops, or reed beds that have developed on swampy islands, where they are safe from predators. Although nesting sites and feeding grounds can be very far apart, they make up for this with their excellent flying ability. They lay 2-4 eggs per clutch, and both males and females take turns incubating the eggs for about 4 weeks, after which the chicks hatch. The chicks put their heads in the parent's mouths and are fed semi-digested fish, leaving the nest in about 10 weeks. They begin breeding a few years after leaving the nest. Pelicans often live in small, well-organized groups. When flying in the sky, they sometimes fly in formation and flap their wings in unison. Larger species also gather side-by-side in the deep parts of lakes and ponds, flapping their wings to drive away small fish, chasing them into the shallows before catching them. When doing so, they put their heads in the water, open their lower beaks, scoop up the fish with their open throats, close their mouths and pull the fish out of the water, leaving only the fish behind, which they then swallow. Smaller species do not use this method of group drive-out foraging. They swim slowly or stay still alone in shallow waters, and when they spot a fish they quickly plunge their head into the water and scoop it up with their throat. [Hiroshi Hasegawa] ClassificationThere are six to eight known species in the world. The Grey Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis ) is found in Southeast Asia and India, and is only rarely seen in Japan. The Great White Pelican (P. onocrotalus) is found in inland lakes and marshes in southern Europe, Western Asia, Africa, and India, migrating south in winter. The Pink Pelican (P. rufescens ) is found in tropical Africa south of the Sahara Desert. The Australian Pelican (P. conspicillatus) is found along the coast of Australia. The White Pelican (P. erythrorhynchos ) lives in inland lakes and marshes in North America, migrating to warm sea coasts in winter. The Brown Pelican (P. occidentalis ), the smallest species of pelican, lives along the tropical and temperate coasts of North and South America. This species has a unique feeding technique in which it dives into the sea from the air to catch food. The moment it enters the water, it opens the pouch in its lower beak and chases the fish into it with its upper beak to catch it. The Chilean pelican (P. thagus) is found in southern Peru and along the coast of Chile. It is closely related to the brown pelican and is slightly larger. The two species are sometimes considered to be the same species. Although pelicans are only a rare sight in the Japanese archipelago, they have long been called galangcho (galangal butterfly) or congarachcho (galangal butterfly) due to their unusual shape, including a large pouch on their lower beak. [Hiroshi Hasegawa] FolkloreIn Europe, since the Middle Ages, pelicans have been known as birds that feed their chicks with their own blood and revive dead chicks by giving them blood. It is said that this legend evolved from the observation of the feeding habits of pelicans, but it is unique in that it is based on the religious idea of respecting blood. It has been linked to Christian thought since ancient times, and as a bird that represents the spirit of self-sacrifice, it has generally spread as a symbol of Christ. On the top of the crucifixion of Christ, a pelican is often depicted spreading its chest and pouring blood over dead chicks. It also recalls the Virgin Mary in the statue of Pieta, and it has become a symbol of maternal love among the people. In Japan, they also flew to Lake Biwa and attracted the attention of residents. Due to their ecology, a superstition was born that drawing a pelican and hanging it on the roof would prevent fires, and it is said that some people sold the pelican's fat to pharmacists, saying that it was useful for treating hearing impairment. There is also a tradition in Europe of using pelicans for medical purposes, and in Germany, the fat is said to be effective for gout, stomach ulcers, and hearing loss. [Yo Kojima] ©Yoshitaka Morikami "> Major species of pelicans [specimen illustrations] Smithsonian Institution "> Brown Pelican Found in Africa, Southern Europe, Central Asia, India, etc. The body is white with black flight feathers. The body may be flushed pink. Total length is about 157 cm. Pelecanidae ©Shogakukan "> Great white pelican Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
鳥綱ペリカン目ペリカン科に属する水鳥の総称。この科Pelecanidaeの仲間は、ごく大形で、飛翔(ひしょう)と遊泳とに優れた水鳥である。 形態と生態全長約114~170センチメートル。体は重く、翼は広く長い。頸(くび)は長く、尾は短い。足は短いが大きく、水かきがある。最大の特徴は、長い嘴(くちばし)とその下嘴についている大きな伸縮自由ののど袋である。これを網のように用いて魚をとらえる。おもに熱帯域に分布するが、温帯域にもみられ、海岸や内陸の湖沼・湿地、河口域に生息する。アメリカ大陸の暖帯・熱帯域には全身褐色のものがいるが、多くは白色か灰色の羽色をもつ。捕食者から安全な島、高い岩、マングローブ林の樹上、または沼地の島に発達した葦原(あしはら)などに集団をつくって営巣する。営巣地と餌場(えさば)とが非常に離れていることもあるが、これは優れた飛翔力で埋め合わせる。1腹2~4卵を産み、雌雄が交替で約4週間抱卵し、雛(ひな)をかえす。雛は親鳥の口の中に頭を入れて、半消化の魚をもらい、おおよそ10週間で巣立つ。巣立ち後数年で初めて繁殖するようになる。ペリカンはよくまとまった小集団で生活することが多い。上空を飛ぶときに、編隊を組み、同調して羽ばたくこともある。また大形種では、湖沼の深い所に集まって横に並び、翼をばたつかせながら小魚を追い出し、浅いほうに追い込んでからとらえる。このとき、頭を水の中に入れ下嘴を開いて、広がったのど袋で魚をすくい取り、口を閉じて水から引き抜きながら、魚だけを漉(こ)し残し、最後に飲み込む。小形種ではこうした集団による追い出し採餌(さいじ)法はみられない。単独で浅い水域をゆっくりと泳ぎ、あるいはじっとしていて、魚をみつけるとすばやく頭を水中に突っ込み、のど袋ですくい取る。 [長谷川博] 分類世界に6~8種が知られている。ハイイロペリカンPelecanus philippensisは東南アジアからインドに分布する種で、日本ではまれに観察されるにすぎない。モモイロペリカンP. onocrotalusはヨーロッパ南部、西アジア、アフリカ、インドなどの内陸湖沼地域に分布し、冬季は南に移動する。コシベニペリカンP. rufescensはサハラ砂漠以南の熱帯アフリカに分布する。オーストラリア沿岸にはオーストラリアペリカンP. conspicillatusが分布する。北アメリカの内陸湖沼にはシロペリカンP. erythrorhynchosが生息し、冬季には暖海沿岸に移動する。南北アメリカの暖帯・熱帯沿岸には、ペリカン類でもっとも小形な種カッショクペリカンP. occidentalisが生息する。この種は、空中から海に突入して餌をとらえる特異な採餌を行う。水に入った瞬間に下嘴の袋を広げ、上嘴でそこに魚を追い込んでとらえる。ペルー南部とチリ沿岸にはチリペリカンP. thagusが分布する。カッショクペリカンと近縁で、やや大形である。2種は同種とされる場合もある。 なお、ペリカンは日本列島にはまれに出現するにすぎないが、下嘴に大きな袋をもつことなど形態が奇異であることから、古来、ガランチョウあるいはコンガラチョウなどの名でよばれてきた。 [長谷川博] 民俗ヨーロッパでは中世以来、ペリカンは自分の血で雛を養い、死んだ雛に血を与えてよみがえらせる鳥として知られた。ペリカンの給餌の習性の観察から転化した伝えといわれるが、血を尊重する宗教観念によってまとめられているところに特色がある。古くからキリスト教思想と結び付き、自己犠牲の精神を表す鳥として、一般にはキリストの象徴として広まった。キリストの十字架像には、しばしば上部に、胸を広げ、死んだ雛に血を注ぎかけているペリカンが描かれる。それはまたピエタの像の聖母マリアをも想起させる姿で、民衆の間では母性愛の象徴にもなっている。日本でも琵琶湖(びわこ)などに飛来し、住民の関心をひいた。その生態から、ペリカンを描いて屋上にかけると火災を防ぐという俗信も生まれ、また脂(あぶら)が聴覚障害の治療に役だつといって薬屋に売る者もあったという。ヨーロッパでもペリカンを医療に用いる風習があり、ドイツなどでは脂は足痛風、そこひ、聴覚障害に効くといわれた。 [小島瓔] ©森上義孝"> ペリカンのおもな種類〔標本画〕 スミソニアン協会"> カッショクペリカン アフリカ、南ヨーロッパ、中央アジア、インドなどに分布。全身白色で、風切は黒い。体は桃色に紅潮することがある。全長約157cm。ペリカン科©Shogakukan"> モモイロペリカン 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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