The proper name of the alpha star in Orion. It is a bright red supergiant star that decorates the winter night sky, and this star, along with Sirius and Procyon, form the "Winter Triangle." The name comes from the Arabic Yad Al-Jawa (meaning "giant's arm." Giant originally referred to the constellation Gemini, but later came to mean Orion. Other theories include "the central armpit" and "the forelimb of a white-banded sheep.") which is a mistranslation of the Y into a B, Bedalgeuze. There have been further mistranslations since then, and even today in Europe it is called slightly differently depending on the region and ethnic group. Its celestial position in 2000 was 5 hours 55 minutes 11 seconds right ascension and +7 degrees 24.4 minutes declination. It reaches its zenith every year around midnight on December 20th. Its proper motion is 29 arc milliseconds per year. It is a supergiant star of spectral type M2Ⅰab, a medium-mass AGB star (Asymptotic Giant Branch) in the final stages of its evolution. It is a semiregular variable star, with apparent magnitudes ranging from 0.0 to 1.3. Its color index ( B - V ) is +1.84 to +1.89 (a measure of the color of a celestial object, calculated by subtracting visual magnitude V from blue magnitude B ). Its magnitude in the K- band (infrared wavelength band 2.2 micrometers) is -4.3, making it the brightest star in the K- band. Its radial velocity also varies. Its parallax is 7.6 arc milliseconds, and its distance from Earth is approximately 420 light years. In 1920, Michelson and Francis Gladhelm Pease (1881-1938) used an interferometer to measure the diameter of a star for the first time, giving Betelgeuse an angular diameter of 47 arcmilliseconds. The size of a star appears different depending on the wavelength of observation, and recent measurements of its angular diameter are 45 or 56 arcmilliseconds. The radius of the photosphere is 600 to 800 times that of the Sun. In the solar system, it has expanded to a size that completely encloses the orbit of Mars and still has room to maneuver. The surface temperature is 3600 K (Kelvin). Its mass is estimated to be about 15 times that of the Sun, and its luminosity is about 60,000 times that of the Sun. Its rotation is slow, taking about 17 years to complete one rotation. The brightness of the photosphere is not uniform, and multiple bright spots (hot spots) have been observed. Above the photosphere is a very thick chromosphere that extends to about 7 times the radius of the photosphere. Outside the chromosphere, gas and dust (solid particles) largely surround the star. The star emits a large amount of gas, estimated to be about 2/1,000,000 of the mass of the Sun each year. It has been discovered that dust is produced outside a distance of 30 to 40 times the radius of the photosphere, and that the gas shell is expanding outward, with the gas extending over a distance of more than 1 arcminute (1 trillion kilometers) from the star. It is also a radio star, an infrared star, and an ultraviolet star. It is believed to be a multiple binary system consisting of a total of six stars. [Atsuo Yamazaki] "Star Stories: From 10 Billion Light Years Away" by Patrick Moore, translated by Akira Okazaki and Kazuo Yoshioka (1992, Maruzen) " "42 Strange Stars: Secrets of the Universe" by Akira Okazaki (1994, Seibundo Shinkosha) [References] | | | | | | | | | |A red supergiant in the constellation Orion. It was also called "Heikeboshi" in the past. Together with Sirius in Canis Major and Procyon in Canis Minor, it forms the "Winter Triangle. " Photo provided by Nayoro City Astronomical Observatory . Alpha Orion (Betelgeuse) It has expanded to about 1,400 times the size of the Sun, and some parts of its surface (white areas) emit strong radio waves. Photographed by the ALMA telescope ©ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/EO'Gorman/P.Kervella "> Betelgeuse (ALMA telescope image) ©Akira Fujii "> Orion Photo provided by Toyama City Science Museum. Text and lines added ©Toyama City Science Museum "> Winter Triangle Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
オリオン座のα(アルファ)星の固有名。冬の夜空を飾る真っ赤な超巨星で、この星とシリウス、プロキオンで「冬の大三角」をつくる。名前はアラビア語ヤド・アル・ジャウザYad Al-Jawa(「巨人の腕」の意。巨人は初めふたご座のことであったが、のちにオリオンを意味するようになった。ほかに「中央のわきの下」「白い帯の羊の前肢」との説もある)のYをBに誤音写したBedalgeuzeに由来する。その後も誤音写があり、今日なおヨーロッパでは地方や民族によって少しずつ異なった呼び方がある。 2000年の天球上の位置は、赤経5時55分11秒、赤緯プラス7度24.4分。毎年12月20日ごろ真夜中に南中する。固有運動は29ミリ秒角/年。スペクトル型M2Ⅰabの超巨星で、進化の最終段階にある中小質量のAGB星(漸近巨星分枝星)。半規則型変光星で、実視等級は0.0等から1.3等まで変化する。色指数(B-V)はプラス1.84~プラス1.89等(天体の色を表す指標の一つで、青色B等級から実視V等級を引いたもの)。Kバンド(赤外波長帯2.2マイクロメートル)で観測した場合はマイナス4.3等で、Kバンドでは全天で一番明るい恒星。視線速度も変化する。視差は7.6ミリ秒角で、地球からの距離はおよそ420光年。 1920年マイケルソンとピースFrancis Gladhelm Pease(1881―1938)は干渉計で星の直径を初めて測定し、ベテルギウスの角直径47ミリ秒角を得た。観測する波長によって星の大きさは違って見え、最近の角直径の測定値は45ミリ秒角または56ミリ秒角。光球の半径は太陽の600~800倍にもなる。太陽系でいえば火星の軌道をすっぽり包んでまだ余りがある大きさに膨らんでいる。表面温度は3600K(ケルビン)。質量は太陽の15倍程度、光度は太陽の6万倍程度と推定されている。自転は遅く1回自転するのに17年ほどかかる。光球の明るさが一様でなく複数の明斑点(はんてん)(ホットスポット)が観測された。光球の上には非常に厚い彩層があり光球半径の7倍程度まで広がっている。彩層の外側にはガスやダスト(固体微粒子)が大きく星を取り囲んでいる。この星は多量のガスを放出しており、その量は毎年太陽質量の100万分の2程度と推定されている。光球半径の30~40倍離れたところより外でダストがつくられていることや、ガス殻は外に向かって膨張していてガスの広がりは星から1分角(1兆キロメートル)以上の距離まで及んでいることがわかった。電波星、赤外線星、紫外線星でもある。計六つの星からなる多重連星系とされる。 [山崎篤磨] 『パトリック・ムーア著、岡崎彰・吉岡一男訳『星・物語――100億光年のかなたから』(1992・丸善)』▽『岡崎彰著『奇妙な42の星たち――宇宙の秘密教えます』(1994・誠文堂新光社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |オリオン座にある赤色超巨星。古くは「平家星」ともよばれた。おおいぬ座のシリウス、こいぬ座のプロキオンと「冬の大三角」をつくる写真提供/なよろ市立天文台"> オリオン座α星(ベテルギウス) 太陽の約1400倍にまで膨張し、表面の一部(白い部分)では電波が強くなっている。ALMA望遠鏡により撮影©ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/E.O'Gorman/P.Kervella"> ベテルギウス〈ALMA望遠鏡画像〉 ©藤井 旭"> オリオン座 富山市科学博物館提供写真に文字・線を加筆©富山市科学博物館"> 冬の大三角 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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