Born: December 2, 1930, Pottsville, Pennsylvania [Died] May 3, 2014. American economist from Chicago, Illinois. Full name: Gary Stanley Becker. Graduated from Princeton University in 1951. Obtained his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1955, where he became an assistant professor and stayed until 1957. He then taught at Columbia University, and returned to the University of Chicago in 1970 as a professor of economics, and from 1983 as a professor of sociology. His doctoral thesis, "The Economics of Discrimination," drew attention for its analysis of the disadvantages of racial discrimination in the labor market not only for those who are discriminated against but also for those who discriminate. He then rationalized people's behavior in non-economic fields within the framework of economic logic premised on "maximization of utility." In "Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with a Focus on Education" (1964), he presented a new theory in the field of labor economics, taking education as the basis of economic decision-making. He then analyzed the relationship between crime and punishment. In A Treatise on the Family (1981), he analyzed the family as if it were a business. He believed that the decline in marriage rates, the rise in divorce rates, and the fall in birth rates in developed countries were driven by economic motives, which were due to the improvement in women's educational levels and the expansion of employment opportunities. He was a prolific columnist for Business Week magazine from 1985 to 2004. In 1992, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for "extending economic theory beyond the traditional fields of economics to the general study of human behavior, which had previously been the subject of sociology and criminology." In 2000, he was awarded the National Medal of Science, and in 2007, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Becker |
[生]1930.12.2. ペンシルバニア,ポッツビル [没]2014.5.3. イリノイ,シカゴ アメリカ合衆国の経済学者。フルネーム Gary Stanley Becker。1951年プリンストン大学を卒業。1955年シカゴ大学で博士号を取得,同大学助教授となって 1957年まで在職。その後コロンビア大学で教鞭をとり,1970年にシカゴ大学に戻って経済学の教授を務め,1983年から社会学の教授を兼務した。労働市場における人種差別は,差別される側だけでなく差別する側にも不利益となることを分析した博士論文『差別の経済学』The Economics of Discriminationで注目された。その後,非経済学的な分野において,「効用の最大化」を前提とした経済学の論理の枠内で人々の行動を合理的に説明した。『人的資本 教育を中心とした理論的・経験的分析』Human Capital(1964)で,教育を経済的な意思決定に基づくものとして取り上げ,労働経済学の領域に新しい理論を提示した。その後,犯罪と刑罰の関係を分析。『家族の研究』A Treatise on the Family(1981)では家庭を企業と同様にみなして分析。先進国における婚姻率の低下や離婚率の上昇,出生率の低下などは,女性の教育水準の向上と就業機会の拡大などに伴う,経済的動機に左右されると考えた。1985~2004年『ビジネス・ウィーク』誌のコラムニストとしても健筆をふるった。1992年,「経済学的な論理を,経済学が伝統的に取り扱ってきた分野を越えて,これまで社会学や犯罪学(→刑事学)などが対象としていた人間行動の一般にまで広めた」功績によりノーベル経済学賞を授与された。2000年ナショナル・メダル・オブ・サイエンスを受章,2007年大統領自由勲章を受章。 ベッカー
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