Becker, Gary S.

Japanese: ベッカー(英語表記)Becker,Gary S.
Becker, Gary S.
Born: December 2, 1930, Pottsville, Pennsylvania
[Died] May 3, 2014. American economist from Chicago, Illinois. Full name: Gary Stanley Becker. Graduated from Princeton University in 1951. Obtained his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1955, where he became an assistant professor and stayed until 1957. He then taught at Columbia University, and returned to the University of Chicago in 1970 as a professor of economics, and from 1983 as a professor of sociology. His doctoral thesis, "The Economics of Discrimination," drew attention for its analysis of the disadvantages of racial discrimination in the labor market not only for those who are discriminated against but also for those who discriminate. He then rationalized people's behavior in non-economic fields within the framework of economic logic premised on "maximization of utility." In "Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with a Focus on Education" (1964), he presented a new theory in the field of labor economics, taking education as the basis of economic decision-making. He then analyzed the relationship between crime and punishment. In A Treatise on the Family (1981), he analyzed the family as if it were a business. He believed that the decline in marriage rates, the rise in divorce rates, and the fall in birth rates in developed countries were driven by economic motives, which were due to the improvement in women's educational levels and the expansion of employment opportunities. He was a prolific columnist for Business Week magazine from 1985 to 2004. In 1992, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for "extending economic theory beyond the traditional fields of economics to the general study of human behavior, which had previously been the subject of sociology and criminology." In 2000, he was awarded the National Medal of Science, and in 2007, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Becker
Becker, Carl Lotus

Born September 7, 1873, near Waterloo, Iowa
[Died] April 10, 1945. Ithaca, New York. American historian. Studied under F. Turner at the University of Wisconsin. Taught at Cornell University from 1917. Along with C. Beard and Turner, he is one of the leading historians of American progressive historiography in the first half of the 20th century. He mainly studied 18th century America, introduced the schema of social conflict between conservatives and radicals to the interpretation of American history, and pioneered the history of ideas. His major works include The Eve of the Revolution (1918), Declaration of Independence (22), and Heavenly City of the Eighteenth Century Philosopher (32).

Becker
Becker, Oskar

Born: September 5, 1889 in Leipzig
[Died] November 13, 1964. Bonn German philosopher and aesthetician. Professor at the University of Bonn in 1931. Influenced by Husserl and Heidegger. He introduced the method of hermeneutical phenomenology to the philosophy of mathematics and considered the nature of mathematical existence. Philosophically, he proposed the concepts of subexistence in contrast to existence and subtranscendence in contrast to transcendence as ontological categories. Aesthetically, he established a phenomenological basis for the concept of the "transience" of beauty. His main works are Mathematische Existenz (Mathematical Existence) (1927) and Von der Hinfälligkeit des Schön und der Abenteuerlichkeit des Künstlers (On the Transience of Beauty and the Adventurous Character of the Artist) (29).

Becker
Bekker, Paul

Born: September 11, 1882 in Berlin
[Died] March 7, 1937. New York. German music critic and conductor. He was a violinist with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, but from 1906 he was active as a music critic for the Berliner Shimpo and the Berliner Allgemeine Zeitung, and from 1911 he was active as a music critic for the Frankfurter Zeitung. He served as the theater director in Kassel from 1925 and in Wiesbaden from 1927 to 1932, but moved to New York in 1933. He was a champion of G. Mahler, F. Schreker, A. Schoenberg, and E. Kuchenek. His main works are Beethoven (1911), Mahler's Symphonies (21), and The History of Music as a History of Changes in Form (26).

Becker
Bekker, August Immanuel

Born: May 21, 1785 in Berlin
Died June 7, 1871. Berlin. German classical scholar. Studied under F. Wolf at the University of Halle, and became a professor at the University of Berlin in 1810. From 1810 to 1821 he traveled around the world, studying mainly Greek texts, and published critical editions of works such as Plato (3 volumes, 1816-1823). His main work was Anecdota Graeca (14-1821).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1930.12.2. ペンシルバニア,ポッツビル
[没]2014.5.3. イリノイ,シカゴ
アメリカ合衆国の経済学者。フルネーム Gary Stanley Becker。1951年プリンストン大学を卒業。1955年シカゴ大学で博士号を取得,同大学助教授となって 1957年まで在職。その後コロンビア大学で教鞭をとり,1970年にシカゴ大学に戻って経済学の教授を務め,1983年から社会学の教授を兼務した。労働市場における人種差別は,差別される側だけでなく差別する側にも不利益となることを分析した博士論文『差別の経済学』The Economics of Discriminationで注目された。その後,非経済学的な分野において,「効用の最大化」を前提とした経済学の論理の枠内で人々の行動を合理的に説明した。『人的資本 教育を中心とした理論的・経験的分析』Human Capital(1964)で,教育を経済的な意思決定に基づくものとして取り上げ,労働経済学の領域に新しい理論を提示した。その後,犯罪と刑罰の関係を分析。『家族の研究』A Treatise on the Family(1981)では家庭を企業と同様にみなして分析。先進国における婚姻率の低下や離婚率の上昇,出生率の低下などは,女性の教育水準の向上と就業機会の拡大などに伴う,経済的動機に左右されると考えた。1985~2004年『ビジネス・ウィーク』誌のコラムニストとしても健筆をふるった。1992年,「経済学的な論理を,経済学が伝統的に取り扱ってきた分野を越えて,これまで社会学や犯罪学(→刑事学)などが対象としていた人間行動の一般にまで広めた」功績によりノーベル経済学賞を授与された。2000年ナショナル・メダル・オブ・サイエンスを受章,2007年大統領自由勲章を受章。

ベッカー
Becker, Carl Lotus

[生]1873.9.7. アイオワ,ウォータールー近郊
[没]1945.4.10. ニューヨーク,イサカ
アメリカの歴史家。ウィスコンシン大学で F.ターナーに師事。 1917年以後コーネル大学で教鞭をとった。 C.ビアードやターナーとともに 20世紀前半のアメリカ革新主義史学を代表する歴史家。 18世紀のアメリカをおもな研究対象とし,アメリカ史の解釈に保守派対急進派の社会的対立の図式を導入し,また思想史を開拓した。主著『アメリカ独立革命前夜』 The Eve of the Revolution (1918) ,『独立宣言論』 Declaration of Independence (22) ,『18世紀思想史』 Heavenly City of the Eighteenth Century Philosopher (32) など。

ベッカー
Becker, Oskar

[生]1889.9.5. ライプチヒ
[没]1964.11.13. ボン
ドイツの哲学者,美学者。 1931年ボン大学教授。フッサールとハイデガーの影響を受けた。数理哲学に解釈学的現象学の方法を導入し,数学的実存のあり方を考察した。哲学的には,存在範疇として実存に対して副次的実存を,超越に対して副次的超越の概念を提唱。美学的には,美の「はかなさ」の概念を現象学的に基礎づけた。主著『数学的実存』 Mathematische Existenz (1927) ,『美のはかなさと芸術家の冒険的性格について』 Von der Hinfälligkeit des Schön und der Abenteuerlichkeit des Künstlers (29) 。

ベッカー
Bekker, Paul

[生]1882.9.11. ベルリン
[没]1937.3.7. ニューヨーク
ドイツの音楽批評家,指揮者。ベルリン・フィルハーモニー管弦楽団のバイオリニストであったが,1906年から『ベルリン新報』『ベルリーナー・アルゲマイネ・ツァイトゥンク』,11年から『フランクフルト新聞』の音楽批評家として活躍。 25年よりカッセルの,また 27~32年ビースバーデンの劇場総監督をつとめたが,33年以後はニューヨークに移住。 G.マーラー,F.シュレーカー,A.シェーンベルク,E.クシェネックの擁護者。主著『ベートーベン』 (1911) ,『マーラーの交響曲』 (21) ,『形式変遷の歴史としての音楽史』 (26) 。

ベッカー
Bekker, August Immanuel

[生]1785.5.21. ベルリン
[没]1871.6.7. ベルリン
ドイツの古典学者。ハレ大学で F.ウォルフに師事し,1810年ベルリン大学教授。 10~21年各国を旅行し,主としてギリシアの文献を研究,プラトン (3巻,1816~23) などの校訂本を出した。主著に『ギリシア逸話集』 Anecdota Graeca (14~21) 。

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