Also known as the isotope effect, this refers to the change in physical and chemical properties that occurs when an atomic nucleus is replaced by an isotope of an atom or molecule. The isotope effect is generally greater as the mass ratio between the isotopes increases. For example, the moment of inertia of a hydrogen molecule made up of two deuterium atoms is twice that of a normal hydrogen molecule, and the difference in rotational energy levels is reduced by half. The spacing between vibrational energy levels in a deuterium molecule is reduced to one-half that of a normal molecule. The state of motion of the electrons surrounding the nucleus remains almost unchanged, and the isotope effect is small. This is because the mass of the electron is originally less than one thousandth of the mass of the nucleus, and the nucleus can be considered to be approximately stationary when considering the motion of the electrons. However, there are slight differences in the electronic spectra between hydrogen and deuterium atoms, mainly due to the change in the reduced mass of the electrons. In addition, the isotope effect also appears in gas diffusion and ion mobility, which can be used to separate isotopes. The isotope effect can also appear in chemical reactions. For example, [Kimio Ohno] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
同位核効果ともいう。原子や分子で、ある原子核がその同位体(アイソトープ)に置き換わったときに生じる物理的・化学的性質の変化のこと。 同位体効果は一般に同位核間の質量の比が大きいほど大きい。たとえば重水素2個からできている水素分子の慣性モーメントは、通常の水素分子の2倍になり、それに伴って回転エネルギー準位の差は半分に減少する。振動エネルギー準位の間隔は重水素分子では、通常の分子の 1/ に減る。原子核を取り巻く電子の運動の状態はほとんど変わらず同位体効果は小さい。これは、もともと電子の質量が原子核の質量の数千分の1以下であり、電子の運動を考える際には近似的に原子核は静止していると考えられるからである。しかし、水素原子と重水素原子とでは、電子の換算質量が変わることがおもな原因になって、その電子スペクトルにもわずかながら差が生じる。 そのほか、気体の拡散やイオンの易動度などにも同位体効果が現れ、これらは同位体の分離に利用されることがある。化学反応にも同位体効果が現れることがある。たとえば、 [大野公男] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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