A general term for the successors, researchers, and critics of Hegelian philosophy. In 1827, Hegel founded the Society for Scientific Criticism by gathering together his supporters, mainly philosophers and theologians living in Berlin, and the following year published the Annals of Scientific Criticism as its journal. Although it was based on the philosophical view that philosophy serves the recognition of the absolute through criticism that exposes the erroneous, one-sided ideas in the culture of the time and reveals the finiteness of the finite, in reality it was a group established by Hegel, who was unable to join the Academy, to counter Schleiermacher. When Hegel died in 1831, the Hegelian school was in a favorable position occupying university courses, but its dominance did not last long. In 1835, D. Strauss's Life of Jesus threw the Hegelian school into confusion. A crack appeared in Hegel's philosophy of religion, which held that human self-conscious reason and Protestant faith were compatible in the form of human recognition of the Absolute = God's self-recognition. Strauss used the Hegelian method, which holds that the representation of faith is the ideal of the community, and the empirical method of analyzing the passages of the Bible, to reinterpret the Gospels in a way that highlighted the irrationality of the Bible. For the Hegelians of the time, who believed that Hegelian philosophy guaranteed the harmony between reason and faith, Strauss's Life of Jesus suggested the "danger" of Hegelianism itself becoming a criticism of Christianity. In response to criticism from orthodox Hegelianism, Strauss published "Disputations" in 1837, in which he classified the Hegelian school into right, center, and left. The standard for classification was whether or not the "idea of the unity of divine and human nature" (idea of the unity of God and man), which Hegel considered to be the essence of Christianity as a revealed religion, matched the representation of the biblical life of Jesus. The right wing was in complete affirmation (Geschel, Gerbler, and Bauer, who later switched to the left), the center wing was in partial affirmation (Rosenkranz), and the left wing was in complete negation (Strauss himself). From then on, the Hegelian school was classified into "right, center, and left" according to Strauss's expression, but the substance of the classification did not remain the same as Strauss's. On the other hand, the historian Heinrich Leo in his book The Disciples of Hegel (1838) sharply criticized the Young Hegelians. He claimed that they adopted an atheistic stance, said that the gospel was nothing more than a myth, and used a secret language that was not generally understood to disguise themselves as Christians. This led to the idea that the Young Hegelians innovated Hegelian philosophy, while the Old Hegelians adhered to and preserved it, and the view that the Young Hegelians were the Hegelian Left emerged. Eventually, the classification of the Left and Right began to move away from Strauss's criteria and corresponded to innovation and conservatism, and Henning, Hotoh, Forster, Marheineke, Hinrichs, and Daub, who worked hard to publish the Collected Works of Hegel, came to be known as the Old Hegelians (Löwith). The Hegelian left was wiped out by the German March Revolution of 1848, and the "Neo-Hegelians" emerged from the early 20th century to World War I with the aim of "reviving Hegel." They fell apart with the rise of fascism, but did leave behind the achievement of revising the "Complete Works of Hegel." [Kato Naotake] "Hegel and the Hegelian Left" by Lowith, translated by Aso Ken (1974, Miraisha) " "The Hegelian School and Christianity" by Ooi Tadashi (1985, Miraisha)" "The Hegelian Left Debate 4: The Last Judgement of Hegel" by Bauer, edited by Ryochi Riki and Hiromatsu Wataru (1986, Ochanomizu Shobo)" [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ヘーゲル哲学の後継・研究者および批判者の一般的な呼称。1827年ヘーゲルは、自分を支持する主としてベルリン在住の哲学者・神学者を集めて「学的批判協会」を設立し、翌年機関誌として『学的批判年報』を発刊した。時代の文化のなかの誤った一面的な思想を摘発し、有限なものの有限性を明らかにする批判を通じて、哲学が絶対者の認識に奉仕するという哲学観に基づくものとはいえ、実状は、アカデミーに参加することのできなかったヘーゲルが、シュライエルマハーに対抗するために設立した集団であった。 ヘーゲルが1831年に没したとき、ヘーゲル学派は大学の講座を占める有利な地位にあったが、その優位は長続きはしなかった。1835年D・シュトラウスの『イエス伝』がヘーゲル学派を混乱に陥れた。人間の自己意識的理性とプロテスタンティズムの信仰とが、人間の絶対者認識=神の自己認識という形で両立するというヘーゲルの宗教哲学に亀裂(きれつ)が生じた。シュトラウスは、信仰の表象が共同体の理念であるというヘーゲル的な方法と、聖書の記載を分析する実証的な手法とを駆使して、聖書の不合理性を際だたせる形で福音書(ふくいんしょ)の再解釈を行った。ヘーゲル哲学こそが理性と信仰の調和を保証すると考えていた当時のヘーゲル主義者にとって、シュトラウスの『イエス伝』は、ヘーゲル主義こそがキリスト教批判となる「危険」を示唆していた。 正統派ヘーゲル主義からの批判に答えるべく、シュトラウスは1837年『論争集』を刊行して、そこにヘーゲル学派を、右、中央、左と分類した。分類の尺度は、ヘーゲルが啓示宗教としてのキリスト教の本質だとみなした「神的本性と人間的本性との統一の理念」(神人統一の理念)が、聖書のイエス伝という表象と一致するか否かである。全面的肯定が右派(ゲッシェル、ガープラー、のちに左派に転向するバウアー)、部分的肯定が中央派(ローゼンクランツ)、全面的否定が左派(シュトラウス自身)である。以後、シュトラウスの表現に従って、「右、中央、左」にヘーゲル学派は分類されるが、分類の内実はシュトラウスのままではない。 他方、歴史家ハインリヒ・レオの『ヘーゲルの徒輩(とはい)』(1838)は、「青年ヘーゲル党」を鋭く批判していた。彼らは無神論の立場をとって、福音は神話にすぎないと語り、しかも一般には理解されない隠語を使って自分たちをキリスト党であるかのように偽装しているというのである。ここから「若いヘーゲル学派」はヘーゲル哲学を革新し、「老いたヘーゲル学派」が墨守・保存するという観念が生まれ、「青年ヘーゲル学派=ヘーゲル左派」という見方が出てきた。やがてシュトラウスの規準を離れて革新と保守に対応させて左右を分類するようになり、『ヘーゲル全集』の刊行に努力したヘニング、ホトー、フェルスター、マールハイネケ、ヒンリクス、ダウプらが「老ヘーゲル学派」といわれる(レーウィット)ようになる。 1848年ドイツ三月革命でヘーゲル左派が消滅し、20世紀初頭から第一次世界大戦までに「ヘーゲル復興」を掲げて登場した「新ヘーゲル派」は、ファシズムの成立とともに分解したが、『ヘーゲル全集』の改訂という成果を残した。 [加藤尚武] 『レーヴィット著、麻生建訳『ヘーゲルとヘーゲル左派』(1974・未来社)』▽『大井正著『ヘーゲル学派とキリスト教』(1985・未来社)』▽『バウアー著、良知力・廣松渉編『ヘーゲル左派論争4 ヘーゲルを裁く最後の審判』(1986・御茶の水書房)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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