This issue concerns the ownership (recognition of the capital) of the Palestinian city of Jerusalem. Israel has declared Jerusalem to be its capital, but many countries, including Japan, do not recognize this and have their embassies in Tel Aviv. The United States has also kept its embassy in Tel Aviv for a long time, in step with the international community. However, in December 2017, President Trump recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital and declared that the U.S. embassy would be moved to Jerusalem. Large-scale protests broke out in the Palestinian-controlled Gaza Strip, and Turkey and neighboring Arab countries also voiced their criticism. However, the Trump administration did not flinch, and on May 14, 2018, the 70th anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence (the "Nakba" (Great Catastrophe) Day for Palestinians), it forced the move. Representatives from Guatemala, Paraguay, and other countries that also declared that they would move their embassies attended the commemorative ceremony, but Japan and major Western European countries were absent. In 1995, the US Congress recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and enacted the Jerusalem Embassy Act, which required the US to locate its embassy in Jerusalem. However, subsequent presidents, out of consideration for the Arab world, did not go ahead with the move. The history of Jerusalem's ownership is long. Around 1000 BC, the Kingdom of Hebrew (ancient Judea) designated it as a holy city. After that, it came under the rule of the Roman Empire, which officially recognized Christianity in 313, and after 638 it came under the control of Arab Islamic forces. In the 11th to 15th centuries, with the Crusaders' expedition to the East, there was repeated fighting between Islamic and Christian forces for control of the city, but after 1517 it was incorporated into the territory of the Ottoman Empire. In 1947 after World War II, the United Nations adopted the Partition Resolution on Palestine, making Jerusalem a permanent trusteeship territory of the United Nations. However, as a result of the First Arab-Israeli War (1948-49), it was divided into East and West, with Israel governing West Jerusalem and Jordan governing East Jerusalem. Later, as a result of the Third Arab-Israeli War (1967), Israel unified Jerusalem and declared it its capital once again. Furthermore, in 1980, a domestic law was enacted designating Jerusalem as the "permanent capital." For the Jewish people, the Palestinian region (the land of Canaan) is the "promised land" given to them by God, and the Israeli government considers Jerusalem, where the temple was located, to be a special holy place. On the other hand, the Arab Palestinians strongly oppose this and position Jerusalem (East Jerusalem) as the capital of the Palestinian state to be established in the future. (Hideki Osako, Freelance Editor/2018) The Jerusalem issue(Kazuo Takahashi, Associate Professor, The Open University of Japan / 2007) Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo |
パレスチナ地方の都市エルサレムの帰属(首都承認)を巡る問題。イスラエルはエルサレムを自国の首都と宣言しているが、日本を含む多くの国はこれを認めず、大使館もテルアビブに置いている。米国も長らく国際社会に歩調を合わせ、テルアビブに大使館を置いていた。しかし2017年12月、トランプ大統領がエルサレムをイスラエルの首都と認めると共に、米国大使館をエルサレムに移転することを宣言。パレスチナ自治区ガザでは大規模な抗議デモが起こり、トルコや周辺アラブ諸国も批判の声を挙げた。しかしトランプ政権はひるまず、翌18年5月14日、イスラエル独立宣言70周年(パレスチナ人にとっては「ナクバ(大災厄)」の日)にあわせて移転を強行。記念式典には、同じく大使館移転を宣言したグアテマラ、パラグアイ他の代表が出席したが、日本や西欧の主要国は欠席した。米国は1995年に議会で、エルサレムをイスラエルの首都と認め、大使館をエルサレムに置く「エルサレム大使館法」を制定している。しかし、その後の大統領はアラブ側に配慮し、移転を実行しなかった。 エルサレムの帰属を巡る歴史は古い。紀元前1000年頃、ヘブライ(古代ユダヤ)王国が聖都と定めたのが始まり。その後、313年にキリスト教を公認したローマ帝国の統治を受け、638年以降はアラブ人イスラム勢力の支配下に入った。11~15世紀には、十字軍の東方遠征に伴い、イスラム、キリスト両勢力による争奪戦が繰り返されたが、1517年以降はオスマン帝国の版図に組み込まれた。第2次世界大戦後の1947年、国連はパレスチナ分割決議を採択し、エルサレムを国連の永久信託統治区とした。しかし第1次中東戦争(1948~49年)の結果、東西に分断され、イスラエルが西エルサレムを統治、ヨルダンが東エルサレムを統治することとなった。その後、第3次中東戦争(1967年)の結果、イスラエルはエルサレムを統合し、自国の首都と改めて宣言。更に80年には、「恒久首都」とする国内法を制定した。ユダヤ人にとって、パレスチナ地方(カナンの地)は神から与えられた「約束の地」であり、イスラエル政府は神殿があったエルサレムを特別な聖地とみなしている。一方、アラブ側のパレスチナ人はこれに強く反発し、エルサレム(東エルサレム)を将来樹立するパレスチナ国家の首都と位置付けている。 (大迫秀樹 フリー編集者/2018年) エルサレム問題(高橋和夫 放送大学助教授 / 2007年) 出典 (株)朝日新聞出版発行「知恵蔵」知恵蔵について 情報 |
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