Fetal monitoring device - fetal monitoring device (English) tocomoniter

Japanese: 分娩監視装置 - ぶんべんかんしそうち(英語表記)tocomoniter
Fetal monitoring device - fetal monitoring device (English) tocomoniter

This is a device that uses electronics to continuously monitor the state of labor, such as labor pains (intrauterine pressure), blood pressure, and cervical dilation from the mother's side, and pulse and blood pressure from the fetal side, allowing early detection of abnormalities. A fetal heart rate and contraction monitor is generally used for this purpose. A fetal heart rate monitor measures the heart rate from a cardiac microphone attached to the abdominal wall, ultrasonic Doppler sound, or a fetal electrocardiogram (measured from the fetal head). The normal fetal heart rate is 120 to 160 beats per minute. A tocodynamometer measures the degree of labor pains, that is, the uterine contraction pressure, using a detector attached to the abdominal wall or an intrauterine catheter, and displays it as a pressure change curve. These devices display the fetal heart rate and labor pressure curve over time on a cathode ray tube or graph, allowing the mother and fetus to immediately see changes.

Fetal monitoring devices can accurately detect abnormalities during childbirth, such as fetal distress, and allow for prompt treatment. For example, the fetal heart rate generally slows down in sync with uterine contractions (a decrease in the heart rate, in this case 120 beats per minute or less), but if the umbilical cord is compressed in the uterus or the fetal head is compressed, there may be a delay between uterine contractions and the slowdown, or the slowdown may become more severe. If the fetal heart rate falls below 100 beats per minute or abnormal slowdown continues for more than five minutes, it is determined that there is a risk of fetal distress.

The widespread use of fetal monitoring devices has led to a decrease in the frequency of newborn deaths and made childbirth safer. In particular, when abnormal births such as breech presentation or multiple births are predicted, they are extremely effective, and have become indispensable in childbirth in recent years. They are also used in other applications, such as oxytocin challenge tests (OCT) to check whether a woman is at risk of fetal distress before childbirth. OCT involves inducing mild labor pains with the hormone oxytocin before childbirth, and observing the fetal heart rate's response to these pains.

[Kazufumi Kimura]

[References] | Oxytocin | Childbirth | Labor | Delivery

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

エレクトロニクスを利用して分娩の状態を、母体側からは陣痛(子宮内圧)や血圧、子宮口開大度など、胎児側からは脈拍、血圧などを連続して監視できる装置をいい、早期に異常が発見できる。これには一般に胎児心拍陣痛計が使用されている。胎児心拍計は腹壁上に装着した心音マイクロホンや、超音波ドップラー音または胎児心電図(児頭より測定する)などから心拍数を計測するものである。正常胎児心拍数は1分間120~160拍である。陣痛計は陣痛の程度、つまり子宮の収縮圧を、腹壁上に装着した検出器や、子宮内カテーテルで測定し、圧変化曲線として表示するものである。これらの装置により、胎児心拍数と陣痛圧曲線とが経時的にブラウン管やグラフに表示され、母体や胎児の変化がすぐにわかるよう、くふうされている。

 分娩監視装置で胎児仮死などの分娩時の異常が的確に発見でき、迅速な対処が可能となる。たとえば、一般に胎児心拍数は子宮収縮に同期して徐脈化(脈拍数が減ることで、この場合は1分間120拍以下)するが、子宮内で臍帯(さいたい)(へその緒)が圧迫されたり、児頭が圧迫されたりすると、子宮収縮と徐脈化との間にずれが生じたり、徐脈の程度が強くなったりする。胎児心拍数が1分間に100拍を割ったり、異常徐脈が5分以上も続くときは、胎児仮死の危険があると判断される。

 分娩監視装置が普及することにより、新生児死亡の頻度が低下し、出産は安全なものとなった。とくに事前に骨盤位(さかご)や多胎などの異常分娩が予測される場合には、多大な効果を示すので、近年では分娩になくてはならないものとなっている。また、このほか、分娩前に胎児仮死になりやすいかどうかをチェックするテスト(oxytocin challenge test略称OCT)などにも応用されている。OCTは、分娩前にオキシトシンというホルモン剤で軽い陣痛を誘発し、それに対する胎児心拍の反応をみるものである。

[木村和文]

[参照項目] | オキシトシン | 出産 | 陣痛 | 分娩

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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