Toledo (English spelling) Toledo, Alejandro

Japanese: トレド（英語表記）Toledo, Alejandro

Born March 28, 1946. Cabana, Peruvian politician and economist. President (in office 2001-06). Full name Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique. Peru's first indigenous elected president. He was affectionately known to his supporters as "El Choro" (the Indian). Born the son of a poor Quechua farmer, he spent his childhood shining shoes in Chimbote, on the northern coast. He received a scholarship to study in the United States and graduated from the University of San Francisco in 1970. He received a master's degree in human resource economics in 1971 and economics in 1972 from Stanford University. He worked as an international economist at the United Nations from 1976-1978 and 1989, and at the World Bank from 1979-1981. He returned to Peru in 1981 and became a social policy advisor to Labor Minister Alfonso Grados. After receiving his PhD in human resource economics from Stanford University in 1993, he became a visiting scholar at the Harvard Institute for International Development. In 1998, he became Dean of the Department of International Affairs at the Peruvian School of Management (ESAN) in Lima. He ran for the first time in the 1995 presidential election as a member of the centrist Peru Posibre Party, but received only 3% of the vote and was defeated by Alberto Fujimori. In the 2001 presidential election, he won the runoff election in June and was inaugurated as president in July of the same year. In his inaugural speech, he called for job creation through the promotion of tourism, and the eradication of corruption, drug smuggling, and human rights violations, promising to "be the president of all Peruvians and all races." During his term, the Peruvian economy grew and inflation was almost eliminated, but the unemployment rate only improved slightly.

Toledo
Toledo

Toledo is the capital of the province of Toledo in the central region of Castile-La Mancha in central Spain. It is located about 70 km south-southwest of Madrid, surrounded on three sides by a bend in the Tagus River, on the right bank, and is said to be the city that best represents the characteristics of Spanish culture. In the 2nd century BC, Toledo became an important colony of the Roman Empire, and was ruled by the Berbers from the 8th to 11th centuries. In 1085, Alfonso VI recaptured it, and it developed into the political and cultural center of the Kingdom of Castile. In 1560, when Philip II moved the capital to Madrid, it lost its role as a political center. It has been known since ancient times as a producer of swords, and even today, it is a thriving city in the manufacture of military supplies and metalworking that continues the traditions of the Mudéjar style. It is also known for its production of sugar confectionery for Christmas. The old town, which is home to historical buildings such as a Roman bridge and castle, a medieval Islamic mosque, a Mudéjar-style synagogue, a castle (→Alcázar), and a Christian cathedral, was registered as a World Heritage Site in 1986. The Spanish Gothic cathedral (construction began in 1226), which reflects the influence of Islamic culture, is considered the most Spanish of all. The museum houses paintings by El Greco, who had a deep connection to the area, as well as Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes and Anthony van Dyck, and El Greco's house has been preserved as a museum. Population: 77,601 (2006 estimate).

Toledo
Toledo

An industrial city in northwest Ohio, USA, near the western shore of Lake Erie. It was developed in the 18th and 19th centuries and became a key point for water transportation on Lake Erie. When the Erie Canal opened in 1825 and construction of the Ohio Canal Network began, it became a major center for the distribution of goods. It was incorporated as a city in 1837. It is famous for its glass industry, and other industries such as shipbuilding, oil refining, and automobile part manufacturing are also thriving. It has a large inland port, with grain, pulp, paper, iron ore, and stone being imported, and coal, petroleum products, glass, automobiles, tools, shipbuilding, etc. being exported. It is home to the University of Toledo (founded in 1872) and an art museum. Population: 287,208 (2010).

Toledo
Toledo

A town on the west coast of Cebu Island in the central Visayas, Philippines. It is home to the largest copper mine in the Philippines, which is open-cut mined. There are also coalfields nearby. It is also a port town that distributes corn, copra, etc. Population: 120,000 (estimated 1990).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1946.3.28. カバナ
ペルーの政治家，経済学者。大統領（在任 2001～06）。フルネーム Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique。選挙で選ばれたペルー初の先住民系の大統領。支持者には「エル・チョロ」（インディオの意）の愛称で親しまれた。ケチュア族の貧農の息子として生まれ，北部沿岸のチンボテで靴磨きをして少年時代を過ごした。奨学金を得てアメリカ合衆国に留学し，1970年にサンフランシスコ大学を卒業。スタンフォード大学で 1971年に人的資源経済学，1972年に経済学の修士号を取得後，1976～78年と 1989年に国際連合および 1979～81年には世界銀行で国際エコノミストを務める。1981年に帰国，アルフォンソ・グラドス労働大臣の社会政策顧問に就任した。1993年スタンフォード大学で人的資源経済学の博士号を取得後，ハーバード大学国際開発研究所の客員研究員となる。1998年，リマのペルー経営大学院 ESANで国際問題学部長に就任。1995年の大統領選挙に中道派ペルー・ポシブレ党から初めて立候補，得票率はわずか 3%にとどまり，アルベルト・フジモリに敗北を喫した。2001年の大統領選挙では 6月の決選投票で勝利，同 2001年7月，大統領に就任した。就任演説で，観光業振興を通じた雇用創出，汚職や麻薬密輸，人権侵害の撲滅を訴え「全ペルー国民および全人種の大統領となる」ことを約束した。在任中にペルー経済は成長しインフレーションはほぼ解消したが，失業率改善はわずかにとどまった。

トレド
Toledo

スペイン中部のカスティリア・ラマンチャ自治州中部，トレド県の県都。マドリードの南南西約 70km，タホ川の曲流部に三方を囲まれ，右岸に位置し，スペイン文化の特質を最もよく備えた都市といわれる。前2世紀にローマ帝国の重要な植民都市トレツムとなり，8～11世紀にベルベル人に支配されたが，1085年アルフォンソ6世が奪回，その後はカスティリア王国の政治，文化の中心として発展した。1560年フェリペ2世のマドリード遷都によって，政治的中心としての役割を喪失。古来剣の産地として知られ，今日でも軍需品の製造やムデハール様式の伝統を受け継ぐ金属加工が盛ん。ほかにクリスマス用の砂糖菓子製造で知られる。ローマ時代の橋や城，中世のイスラムのモスク，ムデハール様式のユダヤ会堂，城（→アルカサル），キリスト教聖堂などの歴史的建築物が残存する旧市街は，1986年世界遺産の文化遺産に登録された。特にイスラム文化の影響を反映しているスペイン・ゴシック様式の大聖堂（1226着工）は最もスペイン的と評価される。博物館にはこの地にゆかりの深いエル・グレコをはじめ，フランシスコ・ホセ・デ・ゴヤ・イ・ルシエンテス，アンソニー・ファン・ダイクなどの絵が収められ，エル・グレコの住家は博物館として保存されている。人口 7万7601（2006推計）。

トレド
Toledo

アメリカ合衆国，オハイオ州北西部，エリー湖の西岸に近い工業都市。 18～19世紀に開拓され，エリー湖水運の要衝として発達。 1825年にエリー運河が開通し，オハイオ運河網建設が開始されると物資流通の大中心地となった。 37年市制。ガラス工業が有名で，造船，製油，自動車部品製造などの工業も盛ん。港は内陸港としては規模が大きく，移入は穀物，パルプ，紙，鉄鉱石，石材など，移出は石炭，石油製品，ガラス，自動車，工具，造船などである。トレド大学 (1872創立) ，美術館などがある。人口 28万7208（2010）。