In the 14th century, various problems in Aristotelian physics were pointed out, and the "forerunners of Galileo" appeared. This began with the condemnation of Étienne Tempier, Bishop of Paris, in 1277, and Aristotle's theory was criticized. In England, John of Dumbleton and Richard Swineshead, led by Bradwarden, pointed out the mathematical difficulties of Aristotle's theory of motion and attempted new mathematical formulations to overcome these, some of which anticipated Galileo's "law of falling bodies." On the continent, Buridan, Nicole Oresme, Albert of Saxony, and Marsilius of Ingen, among others, focused on the physical difficulties of Aristotelian physics, and developed the "theory of impetus" anew, and moved on to the concept of "momentum," the law of "inertia," and the geometric formulation of "uniformly accelerated motion." … *Some of the terminology that mentions "Swineshead, R." is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…14世紀になると,こうしたアリストテレス的自然学のもつもろもろの難点が指摘され,〈ガリレイの先駆者〉たちが登場することとなる。それは1277年のパリの司教タンピエÉtienne Tempierの異端断罪に端を発し,アリストテレスの学説が批判されると,イギリスではブラドワディーンを中心にダンブルトンのジョンJohn of DumbletonやスワインズヘッドRichard Swinesheadらが,アリストテレス運動論の数学的難点を指摘し,この克服のために新たな数学的定式化を試み,そのなかには,ガリレイの〈落体の法則〉を先取りするものも現れた。大陸ではビュリダンを中心に,ニコル・オレーム,ザクセンのアルベルト,インヘンのマルシリウスMarsiliusらが,アリストテレス運動論の自然学的難点に注目し,あらためて〈インペトゥス理論〉を発展させ,〈運動量〉の概念,〈慣性〉の法則,〈等加速運動〉の幾何学的定式化などに向かった。… ※「Swineshead,R.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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