Fractional Equation

Japanese: 分数方程式 - ぶんすうほうていしき
Fractional Equation

An equation that contains a fractional expression for an unknown is called a fractional equation. Any form of fractional equation can be written in the form f ( x )/ g ( x )=0 by transforming the equation. Here, f ( x ) and g ( x ) are polynomials in x , and g ( x ) is not identically zero. If the root of this equation is α, then since f (α)/ g (α)=0, f (α)=0 and g (α)≠0 must hold. Therefore, to solve the fractional equation f ( x )/ g ( x )=0, first solve the polynomial equation f ( x )=0, and then select the roots that do not have a zero denominator (root examination). Among these roots, those that have a zero denominator are called free roots. In other words, a free root is a common root of two equations obtained by setting the numerator and denominator to zero. For example,

To solve this,

So, solving the quadratic equation 3 x 2 -2 x -1=0 we get the two roots 1 and -1/3. However, 1 is a free root because it makes the denominator zero. Substituting -1/3 for x in the denominator gives us the value -8/9. Therefore, the root we are looking for is -1/3.

If f ( x )/ g ( x ) is irreducible, that is, f ( x ) and g ( x ) have no common factors, then we can see that there are no irreducible roots in the solution of the equation. For example, in the previous example, we can reduce the numerator and denominator by their greatest common factor, x -1, to get

Then we get only the root -1/3.

When there is only an irrelevant root, such as

[Yoshio Takeuchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

未知数についての分数式を含む方程式を分数方程式という。いかなる形の分数方程式も等式変形によってf(x)/g(x)=0の形に書かれる。ここでf(x),g(x)はxの整式でg(x)は恒等的にゼロではない。この方程式の根(こん)をαとすると、f(α)/g(α)=0だから、f(α)=0かつ、g(α)≠0でなければならない。したがって分数方程式f(x)/g(x)=0を解くには、まず整方程式f(x)=0を解き、次にこの根のうちで分母をゼロにしないものを選ぶ(根の吟味)。これら根のうちで分母をゼロにするものを無縁根という。言い換えれば無縁根は分子、分母をそれぞれゼロとおいて得られる二つの方程式の共通根である。たとえば

を解くのに、通分して

となり、二次方程式3x2-2x-1=0を解いて二根1と-1/3を得る。ところが1は分母をゼロにするから無縁根である。分母のxに-1/3を代入すると値-8/9を得る。したがって求める根は-1/3である。

 もしf(x)/g(x)が既約、つまりf(x)とg(x)が公約数をもたないときは、方程式の解法で無縁根は現れないことがわかる。たとえば、前の例で、分母分子をその最大公約数x-1で約分して

とすれば、根-1/3だけが得られる。方程式

のように無縁根しかないときは、この方程式は不能(根をもたない)である。

[竹内芳男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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