Fountain - Funsui (English spelling) fountain English

Japanese: 噴水 - ふんすい(英語表記)fountain 英語
Fountain - Funsui (English spelling) fountain English

A device that spouts water into a pond or fountain. It is also called a "fountain." As the name also means "spring" in Western languages, they have long been installed in gardens, parks, and city squares, and have been loved as oases for citizens.

Fountains and springs have been used as design elements in gardens and squares for a long time, and basins for fountains and remains of fountains on steps have been found in ruins of ancient Mesopotamia and Assyria. In ancient Greece, springs themselves were considered sacred, so basins were placed there to create fountains, and temples and public buildings were built around them. Springs were dedicated to gods, nymphs, and heroes, but they also had a practical purpose of supplying water to citizens. It was during the Roman Empire that Western European landscaping became more sophisticated, being combined with various types of architecture. During this period, in addition to public fountains, fountains began to be installed in baths and the courtyards of aristocrats' mansions, and elements of architectural decoration increased. Several remains from that time have been found in Herculaneum and Pompeii, excavated under the rubble from the eruption of Vesuvius.

Although decorative fountains disappeared for a time during the Middle Ages, mainly in Islamic palaces remaining on the Iberian Peninsula, gardens were created that expressed the worldly pleasures of the daily lives of royalty and nobility, a style unique to Byzantine civilization. Well-known examples include the water basin in the Patio of the Lions (small inner courtyard) of the Alhambra Palace in Granada, and the Patio of the Acequias at the Generalife Palace, which uses a fountain as its motif.

In Italy during the Renaissance, fountains began to be given great importance as part of the design of squares. Leonardo da Vinci also left behind blueprints for fountains, but from this time sculpture came to the fore as a component of fountains, and the fountains themselves became more decorative. This trend became even more complex in the following Baroque period, and many artistically excellent fountains were created. Most of the fountains that remain today that are called "Roman fountains" or "Roman fountains" date from this Baroque period, and the most famous are those created by Bernini, who was active from the mid- to late 17th century (Fountain of the Four Rivers and Fountain of the Moor in Piazza Navona, Triton Fountain in Piazza Barberini, etc.). The famous Trevi Fountain was designed by Nicola Salvi and sculpted by Bracci, and was completed in 1762. During this period, fountains were also installed in private residences, and the most famous one is that of Villa d'Este in Tivoli, a suburb of Rome. Here, water is used lavishly on the mountain slope, with an egg-shaped fountain, an organ fountain, and a hundred other fountains.

Fountains in gardens developed in France, and the most famous of these are the fountains at the Palace of Versailles (Neptune Fountain, Dragon's Pond Fountain, Apollo Fountain, etc.), designed by the famous landscape architect Le Notre at the behest of Louis XIV. The Versailles landscaping became the model for court gardens and spread throughout Europe, giving rise to many gardens and fountains that followed suit. The decorative form of Baroque fountains was also passed down as an element of urban design, and fountains were installed in public squares during each of Paris's numerous urban renovations.

From ancient times to the early modern period, fountains made use of the difference in the height of the water, but from the 19th century onwards, fountains using pumps and automatic devices began to be made, and the appearance of the water itself began to change. At every exposition, large-scale fountains with elaborate lighting and other features were made and attracted attention, and this trend continues to this day.

Since Japanese gardens have focused on making the most of nature, artificial fountains were not developed. The one installed in Kenrokuen Garden in Kanazawa is a rare example. They were installed as novelty items in various places following the introduction of Western-style architecture and the establishment of Western-style parks after the Meiji period, but they could not be said to have taken root as part of urban design. Fountains such as those in Ueno Park, Hibiya Park, and Nakanoshima Park have become indispensable to civic life as public places of relaxation. It was not until after World War II that full-scale, large-scale fountains began to be built in a variety of places, including amusement parks, hotels, public buildings, and the entrances to office buildings. They have become an important element of modern gardens, along with wall fountains that shoot water horizontally from a wall and large-scale artificial waterfalls.

[Shigemori Kando]

Hibiya Park
Opened on June 1, 1903 (Meiji 36), this is Japan's first Western-style park. It serves as an oasis in the business district and a place of relaxation for the people. Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo ©Yutaka Sakano ">

Hibiya Park


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

池や泉水に水を噴出させる装置。「噴泉」ともいう。欧米語では「泉」の意をも兼ねるように、古くから庭園、公園、都市の広場などに設けられ、市民のオアシスとして親しまれてきた。

 泉や噴水を庭園や広場のデザインの構成要素とすることは早くから行われており、古代メソポタミアやアッシリアの遺跡からは、噴水を設ける水盤や、階段上の噴水跡が発見されている。古代ギリシアでは泉そのものを神聖視していたので、そこに水盤を設けて噴水をつくり、その周囲に神殿や公共建造物を建てた。泉は神々やニンフ、英雄に捧(ささ)げられたが、同時に市民への水の供給という実用面も兼ねていた。西欧の造園事業が種々の建築と組み合わされて高度化するのはローマ帝国時代であるが、この時代になると、公共の噴水に加えて浴場や貴族の邸宅の中庭などにも噴水が設けられるようになり、建築装飾の要素も多くなる。ベスビオ大噴火の灰礫(かいれき)の下から発掘されたヘラクラネウムとポンペイからは、当時の遺構がいくつか発見されている。

 中世には一時、装飾的な噴水は影を潜めるが、主としてイベリア半島に残るイスラム系の宮殿では、ビザンティン文明に特有の、王侯貴族の日常生活の現世的悦楽を豊かに表現した庭園がつくられた。グラナダのアルハンブラ宮殿のライオンのパティオ(小内庭)の水盤や、噴水をモチーフにしたヘネラリーフェ離宮のアセキアのパティオが知られる。

 ルネサンスを迎えたイタリアでは、広場のデザインの一つとして噴水に大きな比重がかけられるようになる。レオナルド・ダ・ビンチも噴水の設計図を残しているが、このころから彫刻が噴水の構成要素として前面に押し出され、噴水そのものも装飾的になっていった。この傾向は次のバロック期に入るとさらに複雑化して、芸術的にも優れたものが数多くつくられた。「ローマの泉」あるいは「ローマの噴水」とよばれて今日残るものの多くは、ほとんどがこのバロック期のもので、とくに17世紀中期から後期に活躍したベルニーニ制作のものが名高い(ナボナ広場の四つの川の噴水とムーア人の噴水、バルベリーニ広場のトリトンの噴水など)。有名なトレビの噴水はニコラ・サルビの設計、ブラッチの彫刻により1762年に完成している。この時代には個人の邸宅にも噴水が設けられたが、そのなかではローマ郊外チボリにあるビラ・デステのものが名高い。ここでは山の斜面を利用して水をふんだんに用い、卵形の噴水、オルガンの噴水、百の噴水などが設けられている。

 フランスでは庭園の噴水が発展したが、なかでもルイ14世の命で名造園家ル・ノートルが設計したベルサイユ宮殿の噴水群(ネプチューンの噴水、竜の池の噴水、アポロンの噴水など)が有名である。ベルサイユの造園は宮廷庭園の規範となって全ヨーロッパに広まり、これに倣った庭園や噴水を数多く生み出した。また、装飾的なバロック噴水の形態は都市デザインの要素の一つとして引き継がれ、パリの数次にわたる都市改造に際しても、そのつど公共広場に噴水が設置された。

 古代から近世にかけての噴水は水の落差を利用したものであったが、19世紀以降は、ポンプや自動操作機を使用したものがつくられるようになり、水そのものの姿を変化させることが行われるようになった。博覧会のたびに大掛りで照明などにも技巧を凝らした噴水がつくられて話題をよび、その傾向は今日まで続いている。

 日本の庭園では自然を生かすことが主体となっていたので、人工的な噴水は発達していない。金沢の兼六園に設置されたものはまれな例といえよう。明治以降の洋風建築の導入、西洋式公園の設置に伴って各地に新奇なものとして設置されたが、都市のデザインとして定着したとはいえなかった。上野公園、日比谷(ひびや)公園、中之島公園の噴水などは、公共の憩いの場として市民生活に欠かせないものになっている。本格的な大規模な噴水がつくられるのは第二次世界大戦以降のことで、遊園地をはじめ、ホテル、公共建造物、オフィスビルの入口など、さまざまのところにもつくられるようになり、壁面から水平に水を噴出させる壁泉や、大掛りな人工滝とともに、現代庭園の重要な要素になっている。

[重森完途]

日比谷公園
1903年(明治36)6月1日に開園した日本初の西洋式公園。ビジネス街のオアシスとして、人々のいこいの場となっている。東京都千代田区©Yutaka Sakano">

日比谷公園


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