John Caldwell Calhoun

American politician. Born March 18, South Carolina. He served in key positions as a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Vice President (resigned during the term) under the 6th President J. Q. Adams and the 7th President A. Jackson, a U.S. Senator, and Secretary of State. During the historical process of deepening tensions between the North and the South, he played the role of a spokesman for the South in warning of the danger of the Union's disintegration. His major works include "Political Treatises" and "Constitution and Government of the United States," the former of which deals with the basic theory of politics, and the latter of which discusses the political system and constitution of the federal state of the United States. His theory is classified as "competitive majority system," which seeks to derive a single will from the competing and consenting wills of individual interest groups, and one of the forms of its application in a federal state is the theory of "nullification" based on the theory of state sovereignty. He died March 31, 1850.

[Yoshikazu Nakatani]

"Political Theory by John Calhoun, translated by Yoshikazu Nakatani (1977, Miraisha) " "Political Theory of the Crisis in the Southern United States: The Theory of J.C. Calhoun" by Yoshikazu Nakatani (1979, Ochanomizu Shobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

アメリカの政治家。3月18日サウス・カロライナ州生まれ。同州下院議員、連邦下院議員、第6代大統領J・Q・アダムズおよび第7代大統領A・ジャクソン治下の副大統領（途中辞任）、連邦上院議員、国務長官の要職を歴任し、南北対立の緊張を深める歴史過程にあって、連邦分裂の危機を訴えるなかで南部の代弁者の役割を果たした。主論稿に『政治論』と『合衆国憲法および政府論』があり、前者は政治についての基本理論を、後者は合衆国という連邦国家の政体とその憲法を論じたものである。彼の理論は、個別利益集団意志の競合と同意のなかから一つの意志を導出しようとする「競合的多数制」にくくられ、連邦国家におけるそれの適用形態の一つが州主権論を軸とした「無効宣言」の理論である。1850年3月31日没。

［中谷義和］

『カルフーン著、中谷義和訳『政治論』（1977・未来社）』▽『中谷義和著『アメリカ南部危機の政治論――J・C・カルフーンの理論』（1979・御茶の水書房）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例