During the childhood of King Louis XIV of France, an anti-monarchy movement (1648-53) was centered around the French parliament and nobility. The Fronde was named after a slinging tool that was popular among young people at the time. The roots of the movement were their dissatisfaction with Mazarin, who continued Richelieu's centralizing policy, and the people's dissatisfaction with food and financial crises. The first stage was the Fronde of the Parlement (1648-49), in which the judges of the Parlement of Paris, the Parlement of Accounts, the Parlement of Taxes, and the Grand Council united in protest against Mazarin's infringement of their vested rights and presented a plan for reform of national government to oppose the monarchy. The people of Paris and its surrounding areas also agreed with this, but a compromise was reached between the Parlement of Paris and the monarchy in March of the following year. The second stage was the Fronde of the nobility (1650-53), in which the Condé family, who had been powerful in putting an end to the Fronde of the Parlement of Paris, aimed to overthrow Mazarin and restore the power of the old aristocracy. In 1651, the Parlement of Paris joined the Fronde of the nobility, and Paris was thrown into turmoil. After coming of age, Louis XIV continued his armed conflict with the Condé family and succeeded in winning over Turenne, who was anti-royalist, to the royalist side, and in September 1852 Condé left Paris and went into exile. In the background of the Fronde, there were popular uprisings at different times, but these were merely used by the Fronde faction in the Parlement and among the nobility in their anti-monarchy movement. Learning from the bitter memories of his childhood experiences of the Fronde, Louis XIV stripped the Parlement and the former nobility of their political privileges after beginning his own rule, paving the way for royal absolutism. [Yoshio Shigaki] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスのルイ14世の幼少期における高等法院・貴族を中心とする反王権運動(1648~53)。フロンドfrondeとは、当時青少年に流行した石投げ器のことで、それをもじって名づけられたといわれる。運動の根底には、リシュリューの中央集権化政策路線を受け継ぐマザランに対する彼らの不満や、食糧・財政危機に対する民衆の不満があげられる。 高等法院のフロンドFronde(1648~49)は、その第一段階であり、パリ高等法院、会計院、租税院、大評議会の法官たちは、1648年5月より一致してマザランによる既得権侵害に抗議し、国政改革案を示して王権に対抗した。これにはパリとその周辺地域の民衆も同調したが、翌年3月高等法院と王権の妥協が成立した。第二段階は、貴族のフロンド(1650~53)で、高等法院のフロンドの収拾に力のあったコンデ親王一族が、マザラン打倒を目ざし、旧貴族勢力の復権を図った。51年になると、パリ高等法院も貴族のフロンドに合流したので、パリは騒乱に巻き込まれた。成年に達したルイ14世は、コンデ一族との武力対決を続け、反国王派にいたチュレンヌを王党派に引き入れることに成功し、52年9月コンデはパリを離れて亡命した。 フロンドの乱の背景には、局面に応じて民衆の蜂起(ほうき)がみられたが、それは高等法院や貴族のフロンド派によって反王権運動に利用されたにすぎなかった。ルイ14世は、幼少時に体験したフロンドの乱という苦い思い出を教訓として、親政開始後から、高等法院や旧貴族層の政治的特権を剥奪(はくだつ)し、国王絶対主義への道を切り開くことになった。 [志垣嘉夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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