Proteoglycan

Japanese: プロテオグリカン
Proteoglycan

Also called mucoprotein. A molecule in which numerous glycosaminoglycans (sugar chains consisting of repeating disaccharide units = mucopolysaccharides) are covalently bonded to a core protein. It is found mainly in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues, and because it has water-retaining properties, it also acts as a lubricant in joints. Examples of glycosaminoglycans include negatively charged chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate. They have an extremely high proportion of sugar chains and are distinguished from normal glycoproteins. Chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are

Galβ1→3Galβ1→4Xylβ→Ser
Through this, keratan sulfate

GlcNAcβ→Asn
They bind to polypeptides (core proteins) via the glycosaminoglycan chains. There are two main types of proteoglycans: extracellular matrix proteoglycans, in which multiple glycosaminoglycan chains are bound to a single polypeptide, and cell surface proteoglycans, in which at most two or three glycosaminoglycan chains are bound and part of the polypeptide penetrates the cell membrane. Extracellular matrix proteoglycans form the substrate in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. For example, aggrecan, a proteoglycan complex in cartilage tissue, acts as a highly elastic cushion. Aggrecan is a gigantic structure (molecular weight 2.5 x 10 8 ) in which proteoglycans (molecular weight 2.5 x 10 6 ) bound to keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are further non-covalently bound to multiple hyaluronic acid chains via link proteins (Figure). Aggrecan can take up a large number of water molecules using the sugar and sulfate groups, so it acts as a shock absorber like a hard sponge. Syndecan, a cell surface proteoglycan, stabilizes the binding of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and its receptor on the cell surface by forming a dimer. In this case, the sulfate and carboxyl groups of syndecan are used to adhere to the basic groups of FGF and FGF receptor. FGF receptors transmit signals by regulating the activity of tyrosine kinase domains within the cell, and dimer formation is essential for this activity to be expressed, so the presence of syndecan is extremely important.

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

ムコタンパク質ともいう.多数のグリコサミノグリカン(2糖の繰り返しからなる糖鎖=ムコ多糖)がコアタンパク質に共有結合した分子.主として結合組織の細胞外マトリックスに存在し,保水力があるため,関節では潤滑剤の役割も果たす.グリコサミノグリカンとしては負に荷電したコンドロイチン硫酸,デルマタン硫酸,ヘパラン硫酸などがある.糖鎖の割合が極端に高く,通常の糖タンパク質とは区別する.コンドロイチン硫酸,デルマタン硫酸,ヘパラン硫酸は

Galβ1→3Galβ1→4Xylβ→Ser
を介して,ケラタン硫酸は

GlcNAcβ→Asn
を介してポリペプチド(コアタンパク質)に結合する.1本のポリペプチドに何本ものグリコサミノグリカン鎖が結合した細胞外マトリックスプロテオグリカンと,多くても2~3本程度のグリコサミノグリカン鎖が結合して,ポリペプチドの一部が細胞膜を貫通している細胞表面プロテオグリカンの2種類がおもに知られる.細胞外マトリックスプロテオグリカンは,結合組織の細胞外マトリックス中の基質を形成しており,たとえば,軟骨組織のプロテオグリカン複合体であるアグリカン(aggrecan)は,弾性の高いクッションの役割を担っている.アグリカンは,ケラタン硫酸とコンドロイチン硫酸が結合したプロテオグリカン(分子量2.5×106)が,さらにヒアルロン酸鎖にそって,リンクタンパク質を介して,非共有結合的に何本も結合した巨大構造体(分子量2.5×108)である(図).アグリカンは糖と硫酸基を利用して非常にたくさんの水分子を取り込むことができるため,固めのスポンジのようなショックアブソーバーとしてふるまう.細胞表面プロテオグリカンの一つであるシンデカン(syndecan)は,細胞表面上で起こる繊維芽細胞成長因子(FGF)とそのレセプターの結合を二量体として安定化する.この際,シンデカンがもつ硫酸基やカルボキシル基は,FGFやFGFレセプターのもつ塩基性基と接着するのに用いられる.FGFレセプターは細胞内のチロシンキナーゼドメインの活性調整によりシグナル伝達を行うが,この活性発現には二量体形成が必須であるので,シンデカンの存在はきわめて重要である.

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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