Protamine - Protamin (English spelling) protamine

Japanese: プロタミン - ぷろたみん(英語表記)protamine
Protamine - Protamin (English spelling) protamine

A general term for small, strongly basic proteins found in the sperm nuclei of vertebrates. They are 27-65 residues long and have a molecular weight of about 4,000-10,000. Their isoelectric point is a pH of 10-12, and basic amino acids, especially arginine, make up a maximum of 88%, and they are often in clumps of 4-6 residues. Shellfish also have protamines that contain more lysine than arginine. In 1874, Swiss biochemist Johann Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895) discovered a basic substance in nucleoid material in pus along with nuclein (an acidic organic compound containing phosphoric acid that was later discovered in salmon sperm and was named nucleic acid in 1889 because it was an acidic substance discovered in the nucleus), and named it protamine. In 1893, German biochemist Kossel (1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) prepared it from various fish.

Salmine in salmon, iridine in trout, clupein in herring, scombrin in mackerel, katsuonin in bonito, belchin in sea bass, sibrinin in carp, and sutulin in sturgeon. Garin in chickens is also a protamine. The amino acid sequences of many protamines have been determined by Japanese researchers. Protamines easily associate with nucleic acids and acidic proteins. Protamines form an α-helix (one of the stable helical structures that a polypeptide chain can take) along the groove of the double helix of nuclear DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), and the binding between the two involves ionic bonds between the positive charge of the guanidyl group of arginine and the negative charge of the phosphate group of the nucleic acid. This makes it easier for DNA to come into close proximity with each other, allowing DNA carrying a large amount of genetic information to be stored in the narrow sperm head. The histone molecular species of somatic chromosomes are evolutionarily stable, but the structure of protamine molecules changes significantly depending on the animal species. It is also used as a food preservative.

[Koji Nomura]

"Bio-Polymer Research Methods 6: Polymer Chemistry and Functional Design of Nucleic Acids" edited by Bio-Polymer Research Group of the Society of Polymer Science (1996, Society Publishing Center)

[References] | Amino acids | Arginine | Genetic information | Bases | Nucleic acids | Kossel | DNA | Histones | Lysine

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

脊椎(せきつい)動物の精子核に含まれている小さな強塩基性タンパク質の総称。27~65残基の長さで分子量は約4000~1万。等電点は水素イオン濃度指数(pH)10~12で、塩基性アミノ酸、とくにアルギニンが最高で88%と多く、しかも、4~6残基の塊になっていることが多い。貝類にはアルギニンよりもリジンのほうが多いプロタミンもある。1874年スイスの生化学者ミーシャーJohann Friedrich Miescher(1844―1895)が膿汁(のうじゅう)中の核様物質からヌクレイン(リン酸を含む酸性の有機化合物で、その後にサケの精子などから発見され、1889年に核から発見された酸性物質ということから、核酸と名づけられた)とともに塩基性物質をみいだしてプロタミンと命名、1893年ドイツの生化学者コッセル(1910年ノーベル医学生理学賞受賞)が種々の魚類から調製した。

 サケのサルミン、マスのイリジン、ニシンのクルペイン、サバのスコンブリン、カツオのカツオニン、スズキのベルチン、コイのシブリニン、チョウザメのスツリンなどがある。またニワトリのガリンもプロタミンの仲間である。多くのプロタミンのアミノ酸配列が日本の研究者によって決定されている。核酸や酸性タンパク質と会合しやすい。核内DNA(デオキシリボ核酸)の二重螺旋(らせん)の溝に沿って、プロタミンがα(アルファ)-ヘリックス(ポリペプチド鎖がとりうる安定な螺旋構造の一つ)をつくって巻き付いており、両者の結合にはアルギニンのグアニジル基の正電荷と核酸のリン酸基の負電荷によるイオン結合が関与している。こうして、DNAどうしが近接しやすくなり、多量の遺伝情報を担うDNAを狭い精子頭部に収納することができるのである。体細胞染色体のヒストン分子種は進化的に安定しているが、プロタミン分子は動物種により顕著に構造を変化させる。食品の保存料としても使われる。

[野村晃司]

『高分子学会バイオ・高分子研究会編『バイオ・高分子研究法6 高分子化学と核酸の機能デザイン』(1996・学会出版センター)』

[参照項目] | アミノ酸 | アルギニン | 遺伝情報 | 塩基 | 核酸 | コッセル | DNA | ヒストン | リジン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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