Phlogiston theory

Japanese: フロギストン説 - ふろぎすとんせつ(英語表記)phlogiston theory
Phlogiston theory

A chemical theory that dominated the explanation of chemical phenomena for about 100 years from the late 17th century to the late 18th century. Phlogiston is a hypothetical substance, derived from the Greek adjective "to burn." The founder of the phlogiston theory was the German physician Becher, who said that solid earthy substances generally contain three components, and that all combustible substances contain oily earth. In the early 18th century, the German physician Stahl inherited Becher's theory and named oily earth (combustible earth element) phlogiston. He believed that phlogiston is contained in all combustible substances and metals, and that flammable substances such as charcoal, sulfur, and oil are made up of a large amount of phlogiston and a small amount of ash, and that combustion is a phenomenon in which phlogiston is released from combustible substances and ash remains. The oxidation of metals is also a phenomenon. The phlogiston theory was widely accepted in the mid-18th century as a theory that unifies chemical phenomena. Leading chemists of the time, including Cavendish, Berriman, Priestley, and Black, believed in its existence and explained all their experimental results with the phlogiston theory. The phlogiston theory was widely supported, but it had a drawback regarding "weight." As quantitative methods for investigating chemical changes (qualitative changes) by measuring weight were developed, Lavoisier began to have doubts about the phlogiston theory, and through various combustion experiments he clarified the role of oxygen, which led to the rejection of the phlogiston theory.

[Shin Watanabe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

17世紀後半から18世紀後半まで約100年間にわたって化学現象の説明に支配的地位を占めた化学理論。フロギストンとはギリシア語の「燃える」という形容詞に由来することばで、仮想物質である。フロギストン説の創始者はドイツの医者のベッヒャーで、彼は固体の土性物質は一般に三つの成分を含み、すべての可燃性物質には油性の土が含まれるとした。18世紀初め、ドイツのシュタールはベッヒャーの説を受け継ぎ、油性の土(可燃性土元素)をフロギストンと名づけた。彼は、フロギストンは可燃物質や金属などの中にすべて含まれており、とくに木炭や硫黄(いおう)、油など燃えやすい物質は多量のフロギストンとわずかの灰からできており、燃焼は可燃物質からフロギストンが放出され、灰が残る現象と考えた。金属の灰化(酸化)も同じ現象である。フロギストン説は化学現象を統一的に説明する理論として、18世紀なかばには広く受け入れられた。キャベンディッシュ、ベリマン、プリーストリー、ブラックら当時の有力な化学者はその存在を信じ、その実験的成果をすべてフロギストン理論で説明した。フロギストン説は広く支持されたが、「重さ」についての欠点をもっており、重さを量りながら化学変化(質的変化)を追究する定量的な方法が発展するなかで、ラボアジエがフロギストン説に疑問をもち、さまざまな燃焼実験を通じて酸素の役割を明らかにし、フロギストン説を否定するに至った。

[渡辺 伸]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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