A branch of biology that deals with bacteria. The historical development of bacteriology owes much to the development of the microscope as a tool and the cultivation method as a technique. In other words, the birth and development of bacteriology can be said to have been the result of a combination of Leeuwenhoek's observation of bacteria through the construction of a microscope, Pasteur's discovery of a sterilization method related to putrefaction, and Koch's successful cultivation of pure bacteria using solid gelatin medium. Also, before bacteriology became a pure biological science, it was a science with a strong applied flavor, such as pathogenic bacteriology, fermentation bacteriology, and soil bacteriology, which is positioned within agriculture, and each developed according to its own purpose without much interrelationship. However, this applied bacteriology would eventually become basic bacteriology and be put to good use. In particular, it was a groundbreaking event when David H. Bergey (1860-1937) published the first edition of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology in 1923 with the support of the American Society for Bacteriology (the 9th edition was published in 1994). This manual compiled and organized the bacterial species published in various fields. Along with the development of this classification system, research on bacterial cell structure, bacterial growth, and bacterial metabolic mechanisms progressed in the fields of physiology and biochemistry, and in genetics, which began with mutation, the mechanisms of transformation, conjugation, and recombination were gradually elucidated. In particular, the development of research on genetic information has been remarkable. These studies are then applied to the elucidation of bacterial pathogenicity and the use of new fermentation products. In this way, bacteriology is currently developing from applied to basics and from basics to applied. [Masami Soneda] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
細菌を対象とする生物学の一分野。細菌学の歴史的な発展は、道具としての顕微鏡、技術的な面としての培養法などの発展に負うところが大きい。つまり、レーウェンフックの顕微鏡の製作による細菌の観察、パスツールによる腐敗に関連しての滅菌法の発見、さらにコッホによるゼラチン固形培養基による細菌の純粋培養法の成功などが総合されて細菌学の誕生・発展となったといえる。また、細菌学は純正な生物科学となる以前には、病原細菌学、発酵細菌学、農学のなかに位置づけられる土壌細菌学などというように、応用の色彩が濃い科学として、相互にあまり関係をもたず、それぞれの目的に従って発展するという経過をたどった。しかし、このような応用細菌学は、やがて基礎細菌学となって生かされていくことになる。とくにバージェイDavid H. Bergey(1860―1937)が、1923年、アメリカ細菌学会の援助によって『細菌群の検索表』Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriologyの初版を発表したことは画期的なことであった(1994年、第9版を出版)。この検索表は各分野で発表された細菌の種をまとめ、体系づけたものである。こうした分類方式の発展とともに、生理・生化学分野では細菌の細胞構造、細菌の増殖、細菌の物質代謝機構などの研究が進み、さらに突然変異から出発した遺伝学においては形質転換や接合・組換えの仕組みなどがしだいに解明された。とくに遺伝情報の研究の発展は目覚ましいものがある。そして、これらの研究は、また、細菌の病原性の解明や新しい発酵生産物利用に還元されていくわけである。このように細菌学は、応用から基礎へ、基礎から応用へと発展しつつあるのが現状といえる。 [曽根田正己] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
An inlet facing the Pacific Ocean stretching from...
…5・7・5・7・7 is divided into the top three lines (5...
A small perennial plant of the Bromeliaceae family...
…(17) Via Latina: Extends southeast from Rome, pa...
Also known as documentary photography. Regardless ...
This shrine is located in Bakuro-cho, Kamigyo-ku, ...
〘 noun 〙 ("o" is a prefix) 1. In the Edo...
…In 1923, Arthur F. Coca proposed the term to enc...
…In 1900, PEA Lenard discovered that this phenome...
What is the disease? Cat scratch disease is cause...
…These people played a major role in the spread o...
Poet and novelist. Real name Terumichi. Born on A...
When all of the atoms or groups of atoms to which...
...Yellowknife is the provincial capital. It occu...
...the movement and underlying ideas that attempt...