Leonard Bloomfield

Japanese: ブルームフィールド - ぶるーむふぃーるど(英語表記)Leonard Bloomfield
Leonard Bloomfield

American linguist. At one time he represented American linguistics, and his major work, Language (1933), was even called the bible of American linguistics. After receiving his doctorate from the University of Chicago, he studied linguistics in Germany at the Younger Grammar School. After serving as a professor at the University of Chicago, he became a professor at Yale University in his later years, and led the American linguistics world in its formative years alongside his colleague E. Sapir, and although the two men criticized each other, they were good rivals. Sapir was a scholar with a broad mind, flexible thinking, and a friendly personality, and trained many disciples, but Bloomfield had a huge influence, mainly on methodology, through his books.

The distinctive feature of Bloomfield's scholarship, like Sapir's, was that he made linguistics worthy of the name of science in a slightly different sense. That is, based on what he called "the fundamental assumptions of linguistics," he built up phonology, morphology, and syntax from phonemes to create a system of descriptive linguistics, and on that basis he re-systematized historical linguistics. All of his basic theories are explained in his main work, Language. In one sense, this work covers the entire range of the descriptive and historical aspects of language in a well-balanced way, but in another sense, it is extremely unique. That is, he placed emphasis on behaviorist psychology, which was an emerging psychology at the time, and described only the "reactions" that appear externally, excluding speculative terms such as "ideas" and "concepts." He also believed that scientific research into "meaning" was impossible, and advocated a description based only on the superficial aspects. As a result, although he desired rigor, he only obtained insufficient results in the fields of syntax and semantics, and was described as a linguistics without "meaning," giving way to Chomsky's transformational generative grammar. Bloomfield also studied American vernacular, Tagalog, and Indonesian, and had a significant influence on foreign language education.

[Ko Miyake July 20, 2018]

"Language" translated and annotated by Ko Miyake et al. (1962/New edition, 1969, Taishukan Shoten)

[Reference items] | Linguistics | Sapir

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの言語学者。一時期のアメリカ言語学を代表し、主著『言語』Language(1933)はアメリカ言語学のバイブルとまでよばれたことがある。シカゴ大学で博士号を得てのち、ドイツで「青年文法学派」の言語学を学び取った。シカゴ大学教授を経て、晩年はエール大学教授の職にあり、同僚のE・サピアと並んで形成期のアメリカ言語学界を指導し、2人は互いに批判もしたが、よきライバルであった。サピアは間口の広い、思考の柔軟な、人づきあいのよい学者で多数の弟子を養成したが、ブルームフィールドはその著書を通じ、主として方法論に多大の影響を与えた。

 ブルームフィールドの学問の特徴は、サピアとともに、それとは多少違った意味で言語学を科学の名にふさわしいものとする点にあった。すなわち彼のいう「言語学の基本的仮定」に基づき、音素論・形態論・統語論を、音素から組み上げて記述言語学の体系をつくり、それを土台として歴史言語学を改めて体系化した。基本的学説はすべて主著『言語』に説かれている。この主著は、ある意味では、バランスよく言語の記述面と歴史面の全域にわたってはいるが、他の意味では強烈に個性的である。すなわち、当時新興の心理学であった行動主義心理学に結局は重きを置き、「観念」「概念」などの思弁的用語を排して、外部に表れる「反応」のみによって記述し、かつ「意味」については、科学的研究が不可能であると信じ、表層的な面のみに基づく記述を説いた。その結果は、厳密を望みながらも、統語論・意味論の分野で不十分な結果しか得られず、「意味不在」の言語学であると評され、チョムスキーの変形生成文法に席を譲った。なお、ブルームフィールドは、アメリカ土語、タガログ語、インドネシア語なども研究し、外国語教育の面でも優れた影響を残した。

[三宅 鴻 2018年7月20日]

『三宅鴻他訳注『言語』(1962/新装版・1969・大修館書店)』

[参照項目] | 言語学 | サピア

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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