Bourbon Dynasty

Japanese: ブルボン朝 - ぶるぼんちょう
Bourbon Dynasty

The French dynasty of the Bourbons (1589-1792, 1814-30) was founded by the House of Bourbon, which went on to establish dynasties bearing its name in the Kingdoms of Navarre, Spain, Naples (the Two Sicilies), and the Duchy of Parma.

The birthplace of the House of Bourbon is Bourbon l'Archambault in central France. In the late 13th century, the marriage of Beatrice de Bourbon, daughter of the owner of a castle here, to Robert de Clermont, sixth son of King Louis IX of France, marked the beginning of the House of Bourbon, and their son Louis I founded the Dukedom of Bourbon. In the 16th century, the title of Duke of Bourbon was passed to a branch family (the Marche-Vendome line), and in 1548, Antoine de Bourbon, the head of the family, became King of Navarre by marrying Jeanne d'Arbre, Queen of Navarre. His son, Henry de Navarre, became King of France and Navarre, Henry IV (reigned 1589-1610), and founded the Bourbon dynasty. Henry IV issued the Decree of Nantes in 1598 to end the Wars of Religion. During the reign of the next king, Louis XIII (1610-1643), the country was still unstable and rebellions by the nobility and local people were frequent. During the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715), the Fronde rebellion occurred during his childhood, and the country fell into a serious crisis. However, the Bourbon dynasty finally reached its zenith during the period of direct rule after the rebellion was suppressed. The Palace of Versailles, the base of the monarchy, was completed, and classical culture flourished, but the social crisis deepened. In the 18th century, under the reign of Louis XV (1715-1774), the economy turned from depression to prosperity, and the century of Enlightenment began, but the financial crisis caused by the Seven Years' War gradually worsened, and under the reign of the next king, Louis XVI (1774-1792), the burden of the American War of Independence was added, and the finances came to a standstill. Furthermore, the reforms did not progress, and the monarchy faced a catastrophe. In 1792, the monarchy was suspended due to the August 10th incident during the French Revolution. In September of the same year, the Bourbon monarchy was abolished, and on January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was executed. However, after the reign of Napoleon I and the Congress of Vienna, Louis XVI's younger brothers, Louis XVIII (reigned 1814-24) and then Charles X (reigned 1824-30), ascended to the throne, and the Bourbon dynasty was restored. The Bourbon dynasty was finally abolished by the July Revolution of 1830.

The Bourbon dynasty in Spain began when the Duke of Anjou, grandson of French King Louis XIV, reigned over Spain as King Philip V (reigned 1700-24, 24-46). It continued under Louis I (reigned 1724), Ferdinand VI (reigned 1746-59), Carlos III (reigned 1759-88), Carlos IV (reigned 1788-1808), and Ferdinand VII (reigned 1808, 1814-33), and was interrupted during the reign of Napoleon I, but was restored in 1814. During this period, a centralized system was established and enlightened despotism was practiced. The dynasty came to an end once again when Queen Isabel II (reigned 1833-68) was exiled during the 1868 Revolution, but in 1874 Alfonso XII (reigned 1874-85) proclaimed the restoration of the monarchy. It continued until 1931, when the Second Republic was established and Alfonso XIII (reigned 1886-1931) abdicated. After Franco's death in 1975, Juan Carlos, the grandson of Alfonso XIII, was restored to the throne.

In addition, the Bourbon dynasty of the Kingdom of Naples (and the Two Sicilies) was established in 1734 during the War of Polish Succession by Charles VII (reigned 1734-59; officially recognized in 1738 and named Charles III of Spain in 1759), and lasted until 1861.

[Haruo Chiba]

[References] | July Revolution | Seven Years' War | French Revolution | Fronde | Huguenot Wars
Bourbon Dynasty/Brief Family Tree
©Shogakukan ">

Bourbon Dynasty/Brief Family Tree


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスのブルボンBourbon家が開いた王朝(1589~1792、1814~30)。その一族は、さらにナバル(ナバラ)、スペイン、ナポリ(両シチリア)各王国およびパルマ公国にその名を冠する王朝を開いた。

 ブルボン家の発祥の地は、フランス中部のブルボン・ラルシャンボーBourbon l'Archambaultである。13世紀後半、この地の城主の娘ベアトリス・ド・ブルボンとフランス王ルイ9世の六男ロベール・ド・クレルモンとの結婚がブルボン家の起点となり、その子ルイ1世がブルボン公家を創立した。16世紀に入って、ブルボン公位は分家(マルシュ・バンドゥーム系)に移り、1548年、当主アントアーヌ・ド・ブルボンは、ナバル女王ジャンヌ・ダルブルとの結婚によってナバル王を兼ねた。その子がアンリ・ド・ナバルで、フランスとナバルの王アンリ4世(在位1589~1610)となってブルボン王朝を開いた。アンリ4世は、1598年ナントの王令を発してユグノー戦争を収拾した。続くルイ13世(在位1610~43)の時代は、なお国内が不安定で貴族や地方民衆の反乱が頻発した。ルイ14世(在位1643~1715)の時代に入ると、その幼少期にフロンドの乱が起こり、重大な危機に陥ったが、鎮圧後の親政時代に、ようやくブルボン王朝の全盛時代を迎えた。王政の拠点、ベルサイユ宮殿も完成し、古典主義文化が栄えたが、社会の危機は深化した。18世紀、ルイ15世(在位1715~74)の治世は、不況から好況に転じ、啓蒙(けいもう)の世紀に入るが、七年戦争によって生じた財政危機はしだいに重くなり、次のルイ16世(在位1774~92)の治世下、アメリカ独立戦争の負担が加わり、財政は行き詰まる。また諸改革も進捗(しんちょく)せず、王政は破局を迎えた。1792年、フランス革命下の八月十日事件によって王権は停止された。同年9月、ブルボン王政は廃棄され、翌年の93年1月21日、ルイ16世は処刑された。しかし、ナポレオン1世の時代を経て、ウィーン会議以降、ルイ16世の弟たち、ルイ18世(在位1814~24)、ついでシャルル10世(在位1824~30)が即位し、ブルボン朝が復活した。ブルボン朝は1830年の七月革命によって最終的に消滅した。

 スペインのブルボン朝は、フランス王ルイ14世の孫アンジュー公がスペイン国王フェリペ5世(在位1700~24、24~46)としてスペインに君臨するときから始まる。その後、ルイス1世(在位1724)、フェルナンド6世(在位1746~59)、カルロス3世(在位1759~88)、カルロス4世(在位1788~1808)、フェルナンド7世(在位1808、1814~33)まで続き、ナポレオン1世時代に中断されたが、1814年に復活した。この間、集権体制が整備され、啓蒙専制政治が行われた。1868年の革命で女王イサベル2世(在位1833~68)が亡命し、王朝はふたたび絶えたが、1874年、アルフォンソ12世(在位1874~85)が王制の復活を宣した。1931年、第二共和政が成立してアルフォンソ13世(在位1886~1931)が退位するまで続いた。そして、1975年のフランコの死後、13世の孫フアン・カルロスが復位した。

 また、ナポリ(両シチリア)王国のブルボン朝は、ポーランド継承戦争に際し、1734年、スペイン王フェリペ5世の子カルロス7世(在位1734~59。38年に公認され、59年よりスペイン王カルロス3世となる)によって開かれ、1861年まで続いた。

[千葉治男]

[参照項目] | 七月革命 | 七年戦争 | フランス革命 | フロンドの乱 | ユグノー戦争
ブルボン朝/略系図
©Shogakukan">

ブルボン朝/略系図


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Used bookstore - Furuhonya

>>:  House of Bourbon - Bourbonke (English spelling) Bourbons

Recommend

Bird nest fauna - Bird nest fauna

A group of marine fauna that lived in the environm...

All-India Kisan Sabha (English spelling)

…Official name: IndiaBharat∥IndiaArea: 3,287,263 ...

Humidity control

This is the process of adjusting the humidity in ...

Darlington, CD (English) DarlingtonCD

… There are various theories about the origin of ...

Hoogovens

... The metal industry is dominated by steel, mac...

"Nine Songs" - Kyuka

… [Chu Ci] During the Warring States period, the ...

Red shift - Sekihoheni (English spelling) red shift

When the wavelength of electromagnetic waves or o...

Wolf, Christa

Born: March 18, 1929 in Landsberg an der Warte [Di...

Sports Promotion Act - Sports Shinkouho

This is the basic law for promoting sports in Japa...

Altmark

... Sweden's war against Russia was favorable...

Hydrangea otaksa (English spelling) Hydrangea otaksa

...There is a theory that this is why the kanji c...

North [Hot Spring] - Kita

…A plateau that spreads out on the southeastern f...

Dāyabhāga School - Dāyabhāga School

One of the two schools of Hindu law in India. The ...

ME - ME

Medical electronics / medical engineering : The ap...

Industrial Engineering

Abbreviated as IE. Technology for increasing the p...