Bernhard Windscheid

Japanese: ウィントシャイト - うぃんとしゃいと(英語表記)Bernhard Windscheid
Bernhard Windscheid

German legal scholar. He specialized in Roman law and civil law, and became a private lecturer at the University of Bonn in 1840 and an associate professor in 1847. He subsequently served as professor at universities in Basel, Greifswald, Munich, Heidelberg, Leipzig, and other places. His academic style was called Pandektenjurisprudence or conceptual jurisprudence, and he placed emphasis on systematically positioning and logically explaining legal concepts, excluding the history of legal systems, legal precedents, and even the actual conditions of social life. This approach was a major feature of 19th century German jurisprudence, and he published the Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts (Textbook on Pandekten Law) in three volumes (1862-1870) as a culmination of his previous scholarship. This book was the primary academic authority for legal practice in Germany at the time, when there was no systematic civil code. In 1880, he became a member of the Civil Code Drafting Committee and was involved in legislative activities for about two years. The first draft of the German Civil Code, drawn up in 1887, was so heavily influenced by his academic system that it was even called the "Little Windscheid." This first draft was severely criticized by researchers of Germanic law, such as Otto von Gierke, and was revised. However, today's German Civil Code, which was published and put into effect in 1900, still bears the strong influence of his academic system. His system also had a major impact on other countries. Incidentally, the composition of Japan's civil code, especially the property law section, is based on the first draft of the German Civil Code.

[Atsushi Sato]

[References] | Conceptual jurisprudence | Pandector

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの法学者。ローマ法、民法を専攻し、1840年ボン大学の私講師、1847年同員外教授となり、その後バーゼル、グライフスワルト、ミュンヘン、ハイデルベルク、ライプツィヒなど諸大学の教授を歴任した。彼の学問的特色は、パンデクテン法学とか概念法学とよばれているように、法制度の歴史や判例、さらに社会生活の実情をいっさい排除して、ただ法概念を体系的に位置づけ、論理的に説明することを重視した。このような手法は19世紀ドイツ法学の一大特色をなしていたが、彼はそれまでの学問の集大成として『パンデクテン法教科書』Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts全3巻(1862~1870)を発表した。この書物は、体系的民法典のなかった当時のドイツにおいては法実務の第一の学問的典拠とされた。1880年には民法典起草委員となり、約2年間立法活動に従事した。1887年のドイツ民法典第一草案は、彼の学問体系の決定的影響を受けたものだったので「小ウィントシャイト」とさえよばれた。この第一草案は、ギールケOtto von Gierkeなど、ゲルマン法の研究者たちから激しく批判されたため修正された。けれども1900年に公布・施行された今日のドイツ民法典は、彼の学問体系の影響を色濃く残している。彼の体系はまた諸外国にも大きな影響を与えた。ちなみに、日本の民法典の編別、ことに財産法の部分は、ドイツ民法典第一草案を基礎にしたものである。

[佐藤篤士]

[参照項目] | 概念法学 | パンデクテン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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