A sultanate on the north coast of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Its official name is Negara Brunei Darussalam. It has an area of 5,765 square kilometers and a population of 390,000 (estimated in 2007). Its capital is Bandar Seri Begawan, located at the mouth of the Brunei River. The Limbang River basin, which flows into Brunei Bay in the east, belongs to the Malaysian state of Sarawak, so the country is divided into two halves, east and west. The climate is tropical rainforest, with the interior covered in dense forests, but the coastal areas are mostly lowland marshes. It had been a British protectorate since the end of the 19th century, but became an independent kingdom in January 1984. After independence, it joined the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the United Nations. It is a constitutional monarchy, with the king being hereditary. The Legislative Council was suspended immediately after independence in 1984, but was re-opened in 2004 for the first time in 20 years. It has 29 seats, and all members are appointed by the king. A constitutional amendment in 2004 stipulated that some members will be elected, but the implementation date has not yet been decided. The current king is the 29th Sultan, Hassanal Bolkiah, and politically, the royal family holds most of the control. There is a national defense force of about 7,000 troops, but about 1,000 Nepalese soldiers (Gurkhas) from the former British colonial period are stationed there to maintain public order. The population is a multiethnic society, with 67% Malay, 11% Chinese, and others of Indian descent. Islam is the state religion, and the official language is Malay, but English is also widely spoken, and Chinese is also used. Economic development began with the discovery of the Seria oil field in 1929, and during World War II it was used as an oil supply base for Japan. Oil was also the reason why Britain was reluctant to give up Brunei easily. After the war, the oil fields were expanded to the undersea areas in the north, and their extraction is monopolized by the Brunei Shell Company, with an annual production of 10.45 million kiloliters (estimated 2007). In recent years, the development of the Amba gas field and other undersea fields has led to the daily production of approximately 1.04 billion cubic feet of natural gas (2006), with Japanese capital also participating in the development. Thanks to these abundant resources, Brunei's gross domestic product (GDP) is $12.18 billion (2007), and despite its small size, its per capita GDP is $31,228 (2007), making it one of the wealthiest countries in the world. The trade volume is 7.351 billion dollars in exports and 2.314 billion dollars in imports (2007). 96% of exports are petroleum, natural gas and related products, while the main imports are machinery, transport equipment, industrial products and food. The main export destinations are Japan, Indonesia, South Korea and Australia, while the main import destinations are Singapore, Malaysia, the United States, the EU and Japan. Most of the petroleum and natural gas is exported to Japan, which is the largest trading partner. However, in preparation for the future depletion of these resources, the government has begun to focus on agriculture and forest development. The underpopulation is a major issue throughout the country, and the country relies heavily on migrant workers from ASEAN countries. Due to the country's abundant finances, social welfare facilities are well-equipped, and the capital city has been modernized significantly. Compulsory education is complete and free, covering 12 years (primary and secondary education) from the age of 5. The first national university, the University of Brunei, was established in 1985. The cost of studying abroad is also covered by the government. There are air routes to neighboring countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Australia, as well as Dubai and London. In 1996, Singapore was removed from the list of countries receiving aid from the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), and was no longer considered a "developing country." [Atsuhiko Bekki] historyIn Chinese historical documents, the place name (Botdei) which may refer to Brunei appears as far back as the 9th century, but the existence of the kingdom is more definitely mentioned in Javanese documents from the 14th century. The local feudal lords were Islamized in the late 15th or early 16th century, and since then Brunei expanded its suzerainty over almost the entire coast of northwest Borneo. In North Borneo (present-day Sabah, Malaysia), it competed with the Sulu Sultanate for supremacy, and its influence extended as far south as Kuching, the capital of Sarawak, but in reality its rule was limited to making local feudal lords in each region its vassals. From the mid-19th century, Sarawak came under the control of the British Brooke family, and North Borneo was incorporated under the management of the British North Borneo Company, so that Brunei managed to secure its current small territory, and in 1888 it became a British protectorate. In 1906, Brunei came under British protection, including its domestic affairs, but in 1959 it regained its internal autonomy. When the Federation of Malaysia was established in 1963, Brunei refused to join the federation due to feuds over oil interests and royal authority, and finally achieved complete independence in early 1984. The inhabitants are originally Malay, but there is also a high proportion of proto-Malays who migrated from Sabah and Sarawak, as well as Chinese (the latter making up 11% of the total population). In 1962, there was an armed rebellion demanding immediate independence and democratization, which caused great instability in the domestic political situation, but in recent years, the economy has been extremely wealthy, supported by oil revenues. [Motomitsu Uchibori] "More About Brunei" by Yutaka Shimomoto (1986, Kobundo) " "Encyclopedia of Southeast Asia" edited by Shiro Momoki et al. (2008, Heibonsha) "Developments in Research on Southeast Asian History" edited by the Association for Southeast Asian Studies and the 40th Anniversary Project Committee of the Association for Southeast Asian History (2009, Yamakawa Publishing)" [References] | | | | [Additional Information] |"> Brunei flag ©Shogakukan Illustration/Shogakukan Creative "> Brunei Location Map Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
東南アジア、ボルネオ島北岸にあるスルタン王国。正称はブルネイ・ダルサラーム国Negara Brunei Darussalam。面積5765平方キロメートル、人口39万(2007推計)。首都はブルネイ川河口にあるバンダル・スリ・ブガワン。 東部のブルネイ湾に流入するリンバン川流域はマレーシアのサラワク州に属するため、国土は東西に二分される。気候は熱帯雨林型で、奥地は密林に覆われるが海岸部は低湿地が多い。19世紀末以来イギリスの保護領とされていたが、1984年1月独立王国となった。独立後東南アジア諸国連合(ASEAN(アセアン))および国際連合に加盟した。立憲君主制で国王は世襲による。1984年の独立直後から立法評議会は停止されていたが、2004年に20年ぶりに再開された。議席数は29で議員はすべて国王が任命する。2004年の憲法改正で一部議員を選挙で選ぶと制定されたが実施時期は未定である。現在の国王は29代目のスルタン、ハサナル・ボルキアで、政治的にはほとんど国王一族が支配権を握る。兵力約7000の国防軍もあるが、治安維持のため旧イギリス領時代のネパール兵(グルカ兵)約1000人が駐屯する。住民はマレー系が67%、中国系11%のほかインド系などで複合社会を構成する。イスラム教が国教とされ、公用語はマレー語であるが、英語も広く用いられ、中国語も使われている。 経済開発は1929年に発見されたセリア油田に始まり、第二次世界大戦中は日本の石油補給基地とされた。イギリスがブルネイを容易に手放さなかったのも石油のためである。油田は戦後北方の海底地区にも拡大され、その採掘はブルネイ・シェル会社が独占し、年産1045万キロリットル(2007推定)産出する。さらに近年は海底のアンバ・ガス田などの開発により日産約10.4億立方フィート(2006)の天然ガスを産出し、その開発には日本の資本も参加している。これらの豊富な資源のため、国内総生産(GDP)は121億8000万ドル(2007)、小国ながら1人当りの国内総生産は3万1228ドル(2007)で、世界でもっとも富裕な国の一つである。貿易額は輸出73億5100万ドル、輸入23億1400万ドル(2007)となっており、輸出品目の96%が石油、天然ガスおよび関連製品、おもな輸入品目は機械、輸送機器、工業製品、食料品である。おもな輸出相手国は日本、インドネシア、韓国、オーストラリア、おもな輸入相手国はシンガポール、マレーシア、アメリカ、EU、日本などとなっている。石油、天然ガスの多くが日本に輸出され、日本は最大の貿易相手国である。ただし、これら資源の将来の枯渇に備え、政府は農業や森林開発にも力を入れ始めている。人口の過少なことが国全体を通じての大きな課題で、ASEAN諸国からの出稼ぎ労働者に頼る面が大きい。豊かな財政のため社会福祉施設は充実し、首都の近代化も著しい。義務教育は5歳から12年間(初等・中等教育)と整い無償である。1985年には最初の国立大学ブルネイ大学が創設された。海外留学費も国費でまかなわれている。シンガポール、香港(ホンコン)、マレーシア、インドネシアなど近隣諸国やオーストラリア、ドバイ、ロンドンなどとは空路で結ばれる。1996年OECD(経済協力開発機構)の援助対象国からはずれ、「開発途上国」を脱した。 [別技篤彦] 歴史中国史料ではブルネイをさすかと思われる地名(勃泥(ぼつでい))が9世紀にさかのぼって現れるが、この王国の存在がより確実に言及されるのは14世紀のジャワ語文献においてである。15世紀末か16世紀初頭には土侯のイスラム化があり、以来ブルネイは北西ボルネオの沿岸部のほぼ全域にわたって宗主権を拡大した。北ボルネオ(現在のマレーシア、サバ州)ではスールー王国と覇を競い、南はサラワク州都クチン以遠までがその勢力下にあったが、支配の内実はそれぞれの地域の土豪を被官化するにとどまっていた。 19世紀中葉以降はサラワクがイギリス人ブルック一族の支配するところとなり、さらに北ボルネオがイギリス北ボルネオ会社の経営下に組み込まれることによって、ブルネイは現在の狭小な領土をかろうじて確保するのみとなり、1888年にはイギリスの保護領となった。1906年には内政も含めイギリスの保護下に置かれたが、1959年には内政自治を回復した。1963年のマレーシア連邦成立時には石油利権と王権をめぐる確執から連邦入りを拒み、ようやく1984年初めに完全独立を果たすことになった。住民は本来マレー人であるが、サバ、サラワクから移住してきたプロト・マレー系住民のほか、中国系の割合も高い(後者は全人口の11%)。1962年には即時独立と民主化を要求する武装反乱が起こるなど内政的には不安定要素が大きかったが、近年は石油収入に支えられて経済的にはきわめて富裕である。 [内堀基光] 『下元豊著『もっと知りたいブルネイ』(1986・弘文堂)』▽『桃木至朗他編『東南アジアを知る事典』(2008・平凡社)』▽『東南アジア学会監修、東南アジア史学会40周年記念事業委員会編『東南アジア史研究の展開』(2009・山川出版社)』 [参照項目] | | | | [補完資料] |"> ブルネイの国旗 ©Shogakukan 作図/小学館クリエイティブ"> ブルネイ位置図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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