German politician. After World War I, he served as Secretary General of the Catholic Trade Union (1920-1930), and from 1924 he was a member of the Centre Party in the Reichstag. In March 1930, after the collapse of the Social Democratic cabinet led by Muller, he was appointed Chancellor. As a financial expert, he was expected to restore the national finances during the recession, but he implemented strict austerity measures, which led to a worsening of the recession and unemployment, and the general election in September 1930 saw the Nazi and Communist parties gain a large majority. As he was a minority party in parliament, he abused the emergency powers of the president under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution in an attempt to implement the government's policies, resulting in his own denial of parliamentary democracy. In May 1932, his plan for the East (Ost-Hilfe) angered President Hindenburg, and he was forced out of his position as Chancellor. He defected to the United States in July 1934 and taught economics at Harvard University (1939-1950). After World War II, he returned to West Germany and became a professor at the University of Cologne (1951-1954), but returned to the United States again and died in Norwich, Vermont. [Shunichi Fujimura] "Bruning Memoirs, Vol. 1 and 2, translated by Masamori Sase et al. (1974, 1977, Pelican Press)" [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの政治家。第一次世界大戦後カトリック系労働組合の事務局長(1920~1930)として活躍する一方、1924年から中央党国会議員。1930年3月ミューラー社会民主党内閣崩壊のあと首相に任命された。財政通として不況下の財政再建を期待されたが、徹底した緊縮財政をとり、このため不況と失業が深刻化し、1930年9月の総選挙はナチ党と共産党の大量進出という結果を招いた。議会では少数党だったため、政府の施政を貫こうとしてワイマール憲法第48条の大統領非常大権を乱用し、議会制民主主義を自ら否定する結果となった。1932年5月、構想した東方救済計画(オスト・ヒルフエ)がヒンデンブルク大統領の憤激を買い、首相の地位を追われた。1934年7月アメリカに亡命し、ハーバード大学で経済学を教え(1939~1950)、第二次世界大戦後いったん西ドイツに帰り、ケルン大学教授(1951~1954)となったがふたたび渡米、バーモント州ノーウィッチで死去した。 [藤村瞬一] 『佐瀬昌盛他訳『ブリューニング回顧録』上下(1974、1977・ぺりかん社)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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