Divorce - Rien

Japanese: 離縁 - りえん
Divorce - Rien

Generally, the separation of a husband and wife is called a divorce, but legally it means the future extinction of all family relationships that have arisen through adoption.

First, the parties to an adoption may divorce by consultation and by filing a divorce notification (divorce by consultation; Civil Code Article 811, Paragraph 1). When an adopted child is under 15 years old, a representative divorce negotiator will act on their behalf, but the person who must be this person is stipulated on a case-by-case basis (Civil Code Article 811, Paragraphs 2 and following). When husband and wife adoptive parents divorce an adopted child who is a minor, the husband and wife must divorce jointly, unless one of the spouses is unable to express their intentions. When one of the spouses is unable to express their intentions, they may divorce individually. Furthermore, with the exception of cases where the adopted child is a minor, individual divorces are permitted in all cases.

If divorce by mutual consent is not possible, a petition for mediation can be filed and divorced through mediation (divorce by mediation; Articles 244 and 257 of the Domestic Relations Procedure Law), and if mediation is also unsuccessful, divorce can be obtained by adjudication in some cases (divorce by adjudication; Article 277 of the same law).
(1) When the other party has maliciously abandoned the property.
(2) When the other spouse's whereabouts are unknown for more than three years
(3) Only when there are other serious reasons that make it impossible to continue the adoption, etc., can a lawsuit be filed with the district court and a divorce be made by judgment (judgmental divorce; Civil Code Article 814).

Upon divorce, all effects resulting from the adoption will be extinguished going forward, and in principle, the adopted child will be restored to the surname he or she had before the adoption and will be reinstated in the family register before the adoption. If the adopted child is a minor, the biological parents' parental rights will be restored, and if there are no biological parents, guardianship of the minor will be initiated. However, if only one of the adoptive parents who adopted the child together with the spouse is divorced, the adopted child will not be reinstated to the surname he or she had before the adoption. Furthermore, if seven years have passed since the adoption, an adopted child who has reinstated his or her surname due to divorce can use the surname he or she had during the adoption by filing a "notification to use the surname used at the time of divorce" within three months of the date of divorce (continuation of the adopted surname; same law, Article 817). Furthermore, if one of the parties to the adoption dies, the other party can file a divorce notification with the permission of the family court (divorce after death; same law, Article 811, paragraph 6).

In principle, special adoptions are not allowed to be divorced, except in cases where (1) there is abuse by the adoptive parents, malicious abandonment, or other reasons that would seriously harm the interest of the adopted child, and (2) the natural parents are able to provide adequate custody, and (3) the family court finds it particularly necessary for the interest of the adopted child, and may divorce the parties to the adoption at the request of the adopted child, the natural parents, or the public prosecutor (Article 817-10 of the same law). With the divorce, a kinship relationship that is the same as the kinship relationship that ended with the special adoption is created between the adopted child and the natural parents and their blood relatives. All other matters are the same as in the case of ordinary divorce. As stated above, the legal basis for divorce is in accordance with Section 2, Sections 4 and 5 of the Civil Code (Articles 811 to 817-11).

[Masanori Yamamoto and Masamitsu Nozawa, May 19, 2016]

[References] | Adoption | Divorce Letter | Divorce

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般に、夫婦別れのことを離縁というが、法律上は、縁組(養子縁組)によって発生したすべての親族関係を、将来に向かって消滅させることをいう。

 まず、縁組の当事者は協議により、離縁届を出すことによって、離縁することができる(協議離縁。民法811条1項)。養子が15歳未満のときは、代諾離縁協議者が代諾するが、だれがそれであるかについては、場合を分けて規定されている(同法811条2項以下)。夫婦である養親が未成年の養子と離縁する場合は、夫婦の一方が意思を表示することができないときを除いて、夫婦は共同して離縁しなければならない。夫婦の一方が意思を表示できないときは個別に離縁ができる。また未成年養子の場合を除いて、すべて個別離縁が許される。

 協議離縁ができないときは、調停の申立てをして、調停により離縁をしてもらうことができ(調停離縁。家事事件手続法244・257条)、調停も成立しないときは、場合により審判によって離縁してもらうことができる(審判離縁。同法277条)。それもできない場合、縁組の当事者の一方は、
(1)他の一方から悪意で遺棄されたとき
(2)他の一方の生死が3年以上不明なとき
(3)その他縁組を継続できないような重大な事由があるとき
などの場合に限り、地方裁判所へ訴えを起こし、その判決によって離縁することができる(判決離縁。民法814条)。

 離縁により、縁組によって生じたすべての効果は、将来に向かって消滅し、原則として、養子は縁組前の氏に復し、縁組前の戸籍に復籍し、養子が未成年のときは実親の親権が復活し、実親がないときは未成年後見が開始される。もっとも配偶者とともに養子縁組をした養親の一方のみと離縁した場合は、養子は復氏しない。また、離縁により復氏した養子は、縁組後7年経過していれば、離縁の日から3か月以内に「離縁の際に称していた氏を称する届」をすることによって、縁組中の氏を称することができる(縁氏続称。同法817条)。なお、縁組の当事者の一方が死亡したときは、他の一方は家庭裁判所の許可を得て、離縁届を出すことができる(死後離縁。同法811条6項)。

 特別養子については、離縁は原則として認めず、ただ、(1)養親による虐待、悪意の遺棄その他養子の利益を著しく害する事由があり、かつ(2)実父母が相当の監護をすることができる場合であって、しかも(3)養子の利益のためとくに必要があると認めた場合に限り、家庭裁判所は、養子、実父母、または検察官の請求により、縁組の当事者を離縁させることができる(同法817条の10)。離縁により、養子と実父母およびその血族との間には、特別養子縁組によって終了した親族関係と同一の親族関係が生ずる。そのほかは普通離縁の場合と同様である。以上、離縁に関する法律的準拠は、民法第2節第4款・第5款(811条~817条の11)による。

[山本正憲・野澤正充 2016年5月19日]

[参照項目] | 養子 | 離縁状 | 離婚

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Letter of divorce - rienjo

>>:  Pear orchard - Rien

Recommend

Fujiwara no Ietada

Year of death: 24th May 1136 (25th June 1136) Year...

aerarium militare (English spelling) aerarium militare

…Indirect taxes became more numerous during the I...

Carex gibba (English spelling)

…[Tetsuo Koyama]. … *Some of the terminology that...

Nogi Shrine

Located in Akasaka, Minato Ward, Tokyo. The deity...

Moschus berezovskii (English spelling)

…[Yoshiharu Imaizumi]. … *Some of the terminology...

Personal radio - Personal radio

This refers to simple radio stations that use fre...

Allende meteorite - Allende meteorite

A meteorite that fell in Allende, Mexico (Chihuahu...

Analytical Geometry

It is a method of solving classical geometry prob...

Ishida Mitsunari

Year of death: October 1, 1600 (November 6, 1600) ...

sprouting

…However, the vacant axon terminal of a lost neur...

Ipsos

…An important battle during the War of Succession...

motion study

…He became an apprentice to the Building Engineer...

Extrahepatic bile duct

…It is a bile drainage duct between the liver and...

Golden glow

...The genus Rudbeckia is a cold-resistant perenn...

Bildungsroman (German: Bildungsroman)

Originally a German term, it refers to a novel th...