Partial Fractions

Japanese: 部分分数 - ぶぶんぶんすう
Partial Fractions

In the rational expression f ( x )/ g ( x ) with real coefficients, the denominator g ( x ) is
g ( x )=( x - a ) k ……( x 2 + px + q ) l
Here, assume that x 2 + px + q and below cannot be factored within the real range. In this case, f ( x )/ g ( x ) can be expressed in the following expanded form.


Expressing a rational expression in this way is called expanding it into partial fractions. To expand f ( x )/ g ( x ) into partial fractions, follow the steps shown in the diagram below.

(1) Divide f ( x ) by g ( x ) as shown in Example 3 in the table .

It will be in the following form.

(2) Factorize g ( x ) and find the undetermined coefficients as shown in Examples 1 and 2 of the table .

Partial fraction expansion is the basis for calculating integrals of rational functions.

[Terada Fumiyuki]

Examples of partial fractions (table)
©Shogakukan ">

Examples of partial fractions (table)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

実数を係数とする有理式f(x)/g(x)において、分母g(x)が
g(x)=(x-a)k……(x2+px+q)l
のように因数分解されたとする。ここにx2+px+q以下は実数の範囲では分解できないとする。このときf(x)/g(x)を次のような展開形に表すことができる。


 有理式をこのように表すことを部分分数に展開するという。f(x)/g(x)を部分分数に展開するときは別図のように次の手順で行う。

(1) の例3のようにf(x)をg(x)で割り

という形にする。

(2) g(x)を因数に分解して、の例1、例2のようにして未定係数を求める。

 部分分数展開は、有理関数の積分の計算の基礎である。

[寺田文行]

部分分数の例〔表〕
©Shogakukan">

部分分数の例〔表〕


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