Moment of inertia

Japanese: 慣性モーメント - かんせいもーめんと
Moment of inertia

The mass m of each mass in the mass system is multiplied by the square of the distance r to a certain line, and the sum of these is called the moment of inertia of the mass system with respect to that line. In the case of a rigid body, it is divided into infinitesimal parts, and the mass dm of each part is multiplied by the square of the distance r, and integrated over the whole.

Therefore, the moment of inertia increases as the mass increases and as it is distributed farther away from the axis of rotation.

The moment of inertia I of a rigid body with respect to a constant line (direction cosines λ, μ, ν) passing through the origin of a rectangular coordinate system is I=λ 2 I xx +μ 2 I yy +ν 2 I zz -2λμI xy
-2μνI yz -2νλI zx
However,

I xx , I yy , and I zz are the moments of inertia about the x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively, and I xy , I yz , and I zx are the products of inertia. If rectangular coordinate axes are selected in appropriate directions, all three products of inertia will be zero. The coordinate axes in this case are called the principal axes of inertia, and I xx , I yy , and I zz are called the principal moments of inertia.

The radius of gyration is k, determined by dividing the moment of inertia I of an object relative to a certain line by its total mass M, k 2 = I/M. In other words, an object will have the same moment of inertia as a single mass point of mass M that is a distance k from the axis of rotation. If the moment of inertia I of an object relative to an axis passing through its center of gravity is Ig , then the moment of inertia I relative to a parallel axis d away from that axis is given by I = Ig + Md 2 , which is called the parallel axis theorem.

[Mitsuo Muraoka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

質点系の各質点の質量mに、ある一定直線までのそれぞれの距離rの2乗を掛けて全部について加えた量Σmiri2を、その直線に関する質点系の慣性モーメントという。剛体の場合は微小部分に分け、各部分の質量dmに距離rの2乗を掛け、全体に対して積分することによって

で与えられる。したがって慣性モーメントは、質量が大きく、かつ回転軸から遠くに分布するほど大きくなる。

 直角座標系の原点を通る一定直線(方向余弦λ、μ、ν)に関する剛体の慣性モーメントIは
  I=λ2Ixx+μ2Iyy+ν2Izz-2λμIxy
    -2μνIyz-2νλIzx
である。ただし

Ιxx、Ιyy、Ιzzをそれぞれx、y、z軸に関する慣性モーメント、Ixy、Iyz、Izxを慣性乗積という。適当な方向に直角座標軸を選ぶと慣性乗積が三つともゼロとなる。この場合の座標軸を慣性の主軸といい、Ixx、Iyy、Izzを主慣性モーメントとよぶ。

 ある直線に関する物体の慣性モーメントIをその全質量Mで割ったk2=I/Mより定められるkを回転半径という。すなわち、物体は質量Mの一つの質点が回転軸からkの距離にあると同じ慣性モーメントをもつことになる。また物体の重心を通る軸に関する慣性モーメントをIgとすると、その軸からdだけ離れた平行軸に関する慣性モーメントIはI=Ig+Md2で与えられ、これを平行軸の定理という。

[村岡光男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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