Huber, Max

Japanese: フーバー（英語表記）Huber， Max

Born: December 28, 1874, Zurich
Died January 1, 1960. Zurich. Swiss legal scholar. Professor at the University of Zurich in 1902, legal advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1913, judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1921, president of the court in 1925, and president of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague in 1924. He emphasized the peaceful resolution of international disputes through judicial obligation, laid the groundwork for the establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice, and worked hard to draft the Statute for the Court. He also played an active role in the cause of international peace in the International Committee of the Red Cross. He served as its president from 1928 to 1944, and contributed to the establishment of the four Geneva Conventions in 1949. His main works include "Sociological Foundations of International Law" (1928), "Principles and Foundations of the Activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross" (47), and "Copyright" (3 volumes, 47-48).

Hoover
Hoover, Herbert Clark

Born August 10, 1874 in West Branch, Iowa.
[Died] October 20, 1964. New York, New York. American politician. 31st President (in office 1929-33). Graduated from Stanford University in 1895. After working on mine development in Australia and China, he succeeded in the mining business in 1908. In 1917 he became Director of the Food Agency, in 1921 he became Secretary of Commerce, and in 1928 he defeated A. Smith to win the presidency. However, the economy was hit by a depression, so he focused on measures to combat the depression, such as strengthening the Federal Agricultural Commission to support grain and cotton, and establishing the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to provide loans to banks, railroads, insurance companies, etc. In the 1932 presidential election, he lost to F. Roosevelt and retired. After that, he contributed to domestic and foreign policy through his role as Chairman of the Committee on Executive Branch (→Hoover Commission) under the administration of H. Truman, and through visiting foreign countries. His books include The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover (3 volumes, 1951-52) and "American Epic" (2 volumes, 59-60).

Hoover
Hoover, John Edgar

Born January 1, 1895 in Washington, DC, USA
[Died] May 2, 1972, Washington DC, USA
American civil servant. He attended night classes at George Washington University and earned a Master of Laws degree in 1917. In the same year, he joined the Bureau of Investigation (the predecessor of the Federal Bureau of Investigation) of the Department of Justice, and in 1924 became director of the FBI. He served in that position for the rest of his life, and enhanced the FBI's authority by strictly selecting and training investigators, creating the world's largest fingerprint record file, and working to scientifically explain crimes. He was single and tried to keep the FBI politically neutral. During his tenure, he was often criticized for his dictatorial methods, but because of his great reputation, no president dared to fire him.

Hoover
Huber, Robert

[Born] February 20, 1937. Munich. German biochemist. He obtained his doctorate from the Technical University of Munich in 1963 and joined the Institute of Biochemistry at the Max Planck Institute. Together with J. Deisenhofer and H. Michel, he elucidated the three-dimensional structure of the membrane protein of photosynthetic bacteria. Huber contributed to elucidating the structure at the atomic level using the technique of X-ray diffraction, in which X-rays are shone on crystals of the protein central to the photosynthetic reaction. The research of the three advanced research into the mechanism of photosynthetic reactions, and they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1988.

Hoover
Huber, Wolf

Born: circa 1485. Feldkirche
Died in 1553. Passau, Bavaria. German painter and draftsman. Along with A. Altdorfer, he was one of the leading figures of the Danube School. He studied under Altdorfer from 1510 to 1515. He settled in Passau in 1515 and worked as court painter until 1540. His works include the St. Anne Altarpiece (1521, St. Nicholas Church in the Feldkirche, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna) and the poetic landscape painting The Danube Valley (29, State Gallery, Berlin).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1874.12.28. チューリヒ
[没]1960.1.1. チューリヒ
スイスの法学者。 1902年チューリヒ大学教授，13年外務省法律顧問，21年常設国際司法裁判所判事，25年同長官，24年ハーグの常設仲裁裁判所長官となった。裁判義務による国際紛争の平和的解決を強調し，常設国際司法裁判所設置の素地をつくり，同裁判所規程草案の作成に尽力した。その他，国際平和のため赤十字国際委員会で活躍。 28～44年その会長をつとめ，49年のジュネーブ4条約の成立に貢献した。主著『国際法の社会学的基礎』 Die soziologischen Grundlagen des Völkerrechts (1928) ，『国際赤十字委員会の活動の原則と基礎』 Grundsätze und Grundlagen der Tätigkeit des Internationalen Komitees von Roten Kreuz (47) ，『著作権』 Vermischte Schriften (3巻，47～48) 。

フーバー
Hoover， Herbert Clark

[生]1874.8.10. アイオワ，ウェストブランチ
[没]1964.10.20. ニューヨーク，ニューヨーク
アメリカの政治家。第 31代大統領 (在任 1929～33) 。 1895年スタンフォード大学卒業。オーストラリアや中国の鉱山開発などに従事したあと，1908年鉱山事業で成功。 17年食糧庁長官，21年商務長官，28年 A.スミスを破って大統領に当選。しかし経済恐慌に見舞われたため，連邦農業委員会を強化して穀物，綿花を買支え，また復興金融公社を設立して銀行，鉄道，保険会社などに対する融資を行うなど，恐慌対策に終始した。 32年の大統領選挙では F.ルーズベルトに敗れ，引退。その後は H.トルーマン政権下で行政府機構委員会 (→フーバー委員会 ) 委員長，外国訪問などを通じて内外政策に貢献した。著書『回想録』 The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover (3巻，1951～52) ，"American Epic" (2巻，59～60) など。

フーバー
Hoover， John Edgar

[生]1895.1.1. アメリカ，ワシントンD.C.
[没]1972.5.2. アメリカ，ワシントンD.C.
アメリカの公務員。ジョージ・ワシントン大学夜間部に通い，1917年法学修士号を取得。同年司法省捜査局 (連邦捜査局 FBIの前身) に入局，24年 FBI長官に就任した。以来終身その職にあって，捜査官の人選，訓練を厳格にし，世界最大の指紋記録ファイルをつくり，犯罪の科学的な解明などに努め FBIの権威を高めた。独身で，FBIの政治的中立を保つよう努力した。在職中その独裁的なやり方がしばしば批判されたが，彼の偉大な名声のため，どの大統領もあえて彼を解任することはなかった。

フーバー
Huber， Robert

[生]1937.2.20. ミュンヘン
ドイツの生化学者。 1963年ミュンヘン工科大学で博士号を得て，マックス・プランク研究所生化学研究所に入った。 J.ダイゼンホーファー，H.ミヒェルとともに光合成細菌の膜蛋白質の立体構造を解明。フーバーは光合成反応の中心となる蛋白質の結晶にX線を当てるX線回折の手法で，原子単位での構造解明に貢献した。3人の研究は光合成反応の機構研究を前進させ，88年ノーベル化学賞受賞。

フーバー
Huber， Wolf

[生]1485頃.フェルトキルヘ
[没]1553. バイエルン，パッサウ
ドイツの画家，素描家。 A.アルトドルファーとともにドナウ派の代表者の一人。 1510～15年アルトドルファーのもとで修業した。 15年からパッサウに定住して，40年まで宮廷画家として活躍。作品は『聖アンナの祭壇画』 (1521，フェルトキルヘ聖ニコラス聖堂，ウィーン美術史美術館) ，詩的風景画『ダニューブ渓谷』 (29，ベルリン国立美術館) 。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

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