Physical distribution

Japanese: 物的流通 - ぶってきりゅうつう(英語表記)physical distribution
Physical distribution

There are two aspects to the distribution process in which goods produced by producers travel from the producer to the consumer via wholesalers and retailers. The first is the commercial (goods) distribution process, which is centered on the transfer of ownership. The second is the physical distribution process, which is centered on the spatial and temporal movement of goods that inevitably occurs in response to commercial distribution. This latter process is called physical distribution. It is often abbreviated to logistics. Physical distribution is made up of six components. The two central components are the transportation (spatial movement) and storage (temporal movement) of goods, and the three auxiliary components are the related functions of loading and unloading, packaging, and distribution processing. In addition, there is an information system that organically connects these five functions.

The concept of physical distribution and related technologies were introduced from the United States in the mid-1950s as part of the introduction of advanced technologies during the Japanese economy's postwar recovery, and due to their excellent effectiveness, they were rapidly adopted by industry in the period of high economic growth from the late 1960s to the 1970s, contributing to the modernization of distribution.Then, after the oil crisis in the 1970s and 1980s, the restructuring of logistics systems to suit the era of low economic growth progressed widely.

This system is called logistics, and in addition to traditional sales logistics (downstream logistics), it encompasses all the flows of materials surrounding a company, including procurement logistics (upstream logistics) and internal logistics, and is designed to function in close correspondence with a company's strategy.

Large-scale Japanese companies engaged in the production or distribution of capital goods and consumer goods have restructured their logistics systems to suit the era of "lightweight, short, and small" products and "diversification," and have constructed high-level systems that respond sensitively to market trends. A detailed look at the logistics systems of these companies reveals that they are subtly different and unique, depending on the characteristics of each company's products and merchandise, the size of their market areas, differences in marketing strategies, and differences in the functions of their information systems.

In response to these trends among shippers, freight forwarders and warehouse operators have moved beyond providing simple cargo transport and storage services, and many have established their own logistics systems linked to the shippers' logistics systems, becoming logistics specialists. In addition, they are beginning to provide proxy services using the logistics systems of logistics operators to small and medium-sized shippers who cannot maintain their own logistics systems. Currently, shippers are facing the challenge of establishing so-called venous logistics for the recovery and processing of used products and packaging materials, while logistics operators are facing the challenge of dealing with truck exhaust gases, including nitrogen oxides ( NOx ). As shippers advance overseas due to the globalization of the Japanese economy, logistics operators are also expanding overseas, and global supply chains are beginning to develop.

[Hiroshi Nomura]

"Modern Logistics" edited by Haruhisa Hirooka and Hiroshi Nomura (1994, Seizando Shoten)""The Basics of Distribution and Logistics" by Kazuo Yuasa (2009, Nihon Jitsugyo Publishing)""Understanding Logistics" by Ryoichi Kakui (Nikkei Bunko)""Introduction to Logistics" by Shinya Nakata (Nikkei Bunko)"

[Reference] | Cargo Information System | Logistics

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生産者の生産した商品が、生産者から卸売業者・小売業者を経て消費者に至る流通過程には二つの側面が存在する。第一は、所有権の移転を中心とした商業(商品)流通の過程であり、第二は、その商業流通に対応して、必然的に発生する商品の空間的・時間的移動を中心とする物理的な流通の過程である。この後者の過程が物的流通とよばれている。略して物流ということも多い。物的流通は六つの構成要素から成り立っている。中心的構成要素としては、商品の輸送(空間的移動)、保管(時間的移動)の2機能があり、補助的構成要素としては、それらに関連する荷役(にやく)、包装および流通加工の3機能がある。さらに、これら5機能を有機的に結合する機能として情報システムがある。

 物的流通の考え方とそれに関連する技術は、1950年代中ごろ、日本経済の敗戦からの復興期に先進技術の導入の一環として、アメリカより導入されたものであるが、その効果の優れていることから、高度成長期の1960年代末から1970年代にかけて産業界で急速な普及をみせ、流通の近代化に貢献した。そして、石油危機以後の1970年代から1980年代にかけて、低成長時代にあわせた物流システムの再構築が広範に進行した。

 このシステムは、ロジスティクスとよばれ、従来の販売のための物流(川下物流)に加えて、調達物流(川上物流)や社内物流など、企業を取り巻く全物資の流動を包含しており、企業戦略と密接に対応して機能するように設計されている。

 日本の生産財・消費財の生産あるいは流通に従事する大規模企業は、商品の「軽薄短小」と「多様化」の時代にあわせて物流システムを再構築し、市場の動向に敏感に反応するサービス・レベルの高いシステムの構築を行った。これら諸企業の物流システム(ロジスティクス)を詳細にみると、それぞれの企業の製品・商品の特性、市場圏の大きさ、マーケティング戦略の差異、そして情報システムの機能の差異などによって、微妙に異なっており、それぞれ独自性をもっている。

 こうした荷主企業の動向に対応して、貨物輸送業者、倉庫業者なども、従来の単なる貨物輸送や保管のサービスから脱皮し、荷主企業の物流システムと連動する自己の物流システムを構築し、物流専門業者となっているものが多い。加えて、物流システムを保有できない中小荷主企業に対し、物流業者の物流システムによる代行サービスも提供しつつある。現在、荷主企業者の直面している課題は、使用済みの製品や包装材料などの回収処理のいわゆる静脈物流の構築であり、物流業者の課題は、窒素酸化物(NOx)をはじめとするトラックの排ガス対策である。日本経済のグローバル化による荷主企業の海外進出に伴い、物流業者の海外進出もみられ、グローバル・サプライチェーン(供給連鎖)も展開されるようになった。

[野村 宏]

『廣岡治哉・野村宏編著『現代の物流』(1994・成山堂書店)』『湯浅和夫著『物流とロジスティクスの基本』(2009・日本実業出版社)』『角井亮一著『物流がわかる』(日経文庫)』『中田信哉著『ロジスティクス入門』(日経文庫)』

[参照項目] | 貨物情報システム | ロジスティクス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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