All matter has wave properties. Waves that express this property are called matter waves. For example, a particle with momentum p behaves as if it were a wave with a wavelength of h / p . h is Planck's constant (6.6260755× 10-34 J・s). Matter waves are a characteristic of matter when it is in a quantum state of motion, and do not appear in particles in a classical state of motion. In an electron microscope, the matter wave of electrons, or electron waves, play the role of light in an optical microscope. In this case, the wavelength of the electron wave is less than one ten-thousandth of the wavelength of light, so the resolution is much higher than that of an optical microscope. In 1924, the Frenchman de Broglie theoretically predicted the existence of matter waves in his doctoral thesis. For this reason, matter waves are called de Broglie, and h / p is called the de Broglie wavelength. In 1927, British scientists C.J. Davisson and LH Germer (1896-1971) and G.P. Thomson experimentally verified electron waves, and in 1928 Masashi Kikuchi did the same. In 1926, the Austrian Schrödinger derived the Schrödinger wave equation based on the theory of matter waves. Because waves are easier to visualize, quantum mechanics often takes the form of a wave equation rather than a matrix. However, this does not mean that matter is a wave itself. [Hajime Tanaka and Ikuyoshi Kato] [References] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
すべての物質は波動の性質をもっている。この性質を表現する波動のことを物質波という。たとえば運動量pの粒子はあたかもh/pの波長の波動のようにふるまう。 hはプランク定数(6.6260755×10-34J・s)である。物質波は、物質が量子的な運動状態にあるときの特徴であって、古典的な運動状態にある粒子には現れない。電子顕微鏡では、電子の物質波すなわち電子波が光学顕微鏡の光の役割を果たす。この場合の電子波の波長は光の波長の1万分の1以下になるので、光学顕微鏡よりもはるかに分解能が高い。 1924年、フランスのド・ブローイは学位論文のなかで物質波の存在を理論的に予測した。このため物質波をド・ブローイ、h/pをド・ブローイ波長という。1927年にイギリスのC・J・デビッソンとガーマーL. H. Germer(1896―1971)およびG・P・トムソンが、また1928年に菊池正士(せいし)が電子波を実験的に検証した。1926年オーストリアのシュレーディンガーは、物質波の理論に基づいてシュレーディンガーの波動方程式を導いた。波動はイメージを描きやすいので、量子力学の形式として行列よりも波動方程式の形をとることが多い。しかしながらこのことは、物質が波動そのものであることを意味するのではない。 [田中 一・加藤幾芳] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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