Opportunistic infections

Japanese: 日和見感染
Opportunistic infections

What is an opportunistic infection?

Infection occurs when a pathogen invades and proliferates inside the human body. However, why is it that we do not develop infectious diseases, even though there are many microorganisms in the environment around us, and we also have many normal bacteria in our bodies, including in the intestines?

This is because our bodies have a system that works well to defend against infection. Immunity ( Meneki ) When the immune system is functioning properly, microorganisms in the body are effectively suppressed and kept quiet. However, once the immune system weakens, even weak pathogens can multiply in the body and cause infection.

Infections caused by weak pathogens in such a weakened immune system are called "opportunistic infections."

The relationship between immunity and pathogens

Immunity is made up of a variety of mechanisms. It can be broadly divided into two categories: "innate immunity" and "acquired immunity." Innate immunity is Neutrophils ( Commuting ) and macrophages, complement ( Want ) These functions allow the body to quickly respond to any pathogen that suddenly enters the body, and they are capable of dealing with a wide range of pathogens.

On the other hand, acquired immunity is mainly played by lymphocytes and efficiently deals with specific pathogens, but in the case of initial infection, it is difficult to respond quickly. Acquired immunity is further classified into "humoral immunity" that uses antibodies and "cellular immunity" that directly attacks infected cells.

Even if the immune system is weakened, the types of pathogens that are likely to cause infection vary depending on which part of the immune system is damaged. For example, natural immunity provided by neutrophils and macrophages, and humoral immunity provided by antibodies, are important against pneumococcus, influenza bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus. If these functions are weakened due to congenital immune deficiency, people may be more susceptible to repeated infections from childhood or to severe infections. Recess ( Ochi ) Or something like that.

On the other hand, viruses, fungi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Results ) Cellular immunity is important against these diseases, and in cases of HIV infection or after organ transplantation, the probability of developing infections such as cytomegalovirus infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, gastrointestinal candidiasis, and pulmonary tuberculosis increases as cellular immunity decreases.

Causes of opportunistic infections

Other than patients with congenital immunodeficiency, people who are prone to immunosuppression include those with diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cerebral infarction/cerebral hemorrhage, severe burns, and trauma. In addition, there are cases where a person falls into a state of immunodeficiency due to medical procedures such as surgery or the administration of immunosuppressants, and this is called iatrogenic immunodeficiency.

Treatment methods

The first step in treatment is to suppress the pathogens that cause the infection using antibiotics, but because opportunistic infections occur on top of a state of immunodeficiency, it is also necessary to take measures to enhance immune function, such as administering antibodies called immunoglobulins or using a drug called GCSF, which increases white blood cells.However, unless the underlying disease that causes immunodeficiency is improved, the probability of developing an infection is high and treatment is often difficult.

Opportunistic infections
(Eye Disease)

Opportunistic infections are infectious diseases caused by pathogens such as weak bacteria and viruses that do not cause infection in normal healthy people. They are a general term for diseases that occur when the immune system is weakened under some circumstances. People who are receiving anti-cancer drugs for malignant tumors, people who are elderly and physically weak, and people with immunodeficiencies (for example, AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency ( High-rise station front ) Syndrome) and other conditions.

The pathogens that cause these diseases are always present in our surroundings. For example, tuberculosis ( Results ) Japan has one of the highest rates of tuberculosis among developed countries, and the tuberculosis bacteria can also cause opportunistic infections.

Representative opportunistic infections that cause eye diseases include: fungi ( Shinkin ) Well-known examples include the herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis.

These are normally present in our bodies and cause little harm, but when our immune system is weakened, these pathogens wake up and start to act violently, causing severe visual impairment and blindness, and sometimes even taking our lives.

Since 1981, cancer has been the leading cause of death in Japan, and much research has been conducted into its treatment, with steady progress being made toward overcoming cancer.

The average life expectancy of Japanese people is also increasing every year. However, on the flip side, this also means that we are now in an era where more people are diagnosed with cancer, receiving anti-cancer drug treatment, and living longer than before.

Ironically, this situation means that the likelihood of developing opportunistic infections increases, and in fact, the incidence of opportunistic infections is steadily increasing in routine medical examinations.

In the 19th century, medicine was primarily concerned with overcoming infectious diseases. In the 20th century, everyone believed that infectious diseases had been conquered, and then attention shifted to overcoming cancer. Now, in the 21st century, everyone believes that conquering cancer is no longer a dream, but the times are once again confronted with a new challenge: overcoming opportunistic infectious diseases.

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

日和見感染とは

 感染とは、原因となる病原体がヒトの体内に侵入し、増殖することで起こります。しかし、私たちの周囲の環境には多くの微生物が存在し、また腸管内を始めとして体内にも多くの常在菌を保有しているにもかかわらず、感染症が起こらないのはなぜでしょうか?

 それは私たちの体内では、感染を防御する仕組みがうまくはたらいているからです。この仕組みを一般的に「免疫(めんえき)」と呼びます。免疫がうまくはたらいている状態では、体のなかにいる微生物はうまく押さえ込まれ、おとなしくしています。しかしいったん免疫の能力が衰えてくると、たとえ毒力が弱い病原体であっても、体内で増殖し感染を起こすことが可能になります。

 このように免疫能の低下した状態で、弱毒の病原体によって起こる感染症を「日和見感染」と呼んでいます。

免疫と病原体の関わり

 免疫は実にさまざまな仕組みによって成り立っています。大きく分ければ「自然免疫」と「獲得免疫」の2つがあります。自然免疫は好中球(こうちゅうきゅう)やマクロファージ、補体(ほたい)などがはたらき、いきなり病原体が体内に入ってきてもすぐに対処でき、どのような種類の病原体にも広く対応します。

 一方、獲得免疫ではリンパ球が主としてはたらき、特定の病原体に効率よく対処しますが、初感染の場合は迅速な対応は難しいという面をもっています。さらに獲得免疫は抗体を利用する「液性免疫」と、感染している細胞を直接攻撃する「細胞性免疫」に分類されます。

 免疫能が低下するといっても、これらの免疫のなかのどの部分が障害を受けるかによって、感染を起こしやすい病原体の種類も違ってきます。たとえば肺炎球菌やインフルエンザ菌、黄色ブドウ球菌などに対しては、好中球、マクロファージなどによる自然免疫と、抗体による液性免疫が重要です。先天性の免疫不全によってこれらの機能が低下している場合は、小児期から何度も感染を繰り返したり、重症の感染に(おちい)ったりします。

 一方、ウイルス、真菌、結核菌(けっかくきん)などに対しては細胞性免疫が重要であり、HIV感染症例や臓器移植後の症例では、細胞性免疫の低下に伴って、サイトメガロウイルス感染、カリニ肺炎、消化管カンジダ症、肺結核などの感染を起こす確率が高くなります。

日和見感染の原因

 先天性の免疫不全患者以外で、どのような人が免疫能が低下しやすいかを考えてみますと、がんや糖尿病、脳梗塞・脳出血、高度の熱傷や外傷などの疾患がある人があげられます。また手術や免疫抑制薬の投与など医療行為に伴って免疫不全の状態に陥る場合があり、医原性の免疫不全とも呼ばれています。

治療の方法

 治療としては、抗菌薬を用いて感染している病原体を押さえ込むことが第一ですが、日和見感染は免疫不全という状態のうえに成り立つ感染症ですから、免疫グロブリンという抗体を投与したり、G­CSFという白血球を増やす薬を用いるなど、免疫機能を高める工夫も必要です。しかし、免疫不全を起こすもともとの病気が改善しなければ、感染症を起こす確率は高く、治療も困難な場合が多いのが現状です。

日和見感染
(眼の病気)

 日和見感染とは、普通の健康な人には感染症を起こさない弱い細菌やウイルスなどの病原体が原因で発症する感染症のことをいい、何らかの状態で免疫力が低下した時に生じてくる疾患の総称です。悪性腫瘍で抗がん薬投与中の人、高齢で体力が弱っている人、免疫不全の人(たとえば、エイズ:後天性免疫不全(こうてんせいめんえきふぜん)症候群)などに生じます。

 これらを引き起こす病原体は、私たちの周囲に常在しています。たとえば結核(けっかく)です。日本は先進国のなかでも結核の発症が非常に多い国ですが、この結核菌も日和見感染を引き起こします。

 眼の病気を引き起こす日和見感染の代表としては、真菌(しんきん)、ヘルペスウイルス、サイトメガロウイルスやトキソプラズマ原虫が有名です。

 これらは平素から私たちの体に存在し、ほとんど害をなしません。しかし、免疫力が低下した状態では、これらの病原体は眠りからさめて暴れだし、重い視力障害・失明を引き起こし、時には命までも奪うのです。

 1981年以来、日本における死亡原因の第1位はがんであり、この治療のために多くの研究がなされ、がん克服に向け確実に成果を上げてきています。

 また日本人の平均寿命も毎年延びています。しかし、それは逆にいえば、多くの人ががんをもち、抗がん薬の治療を受け、そして以前よりも長く生きられる時代であるということです。

 皮肉にも、この状況は日和見感染症になる可能性が増すことを意味しており、事実、日常の診察でも日和見感染症は確実に増加しています。

 19世紀の医学は、感染症の克服が最大の関心事でした。20世紀に入り、感染症の克服がなされたと皆が信じ、次はがんの克服に関心が移りました。21世紀にはがんの克服も夢ではないと皆が信じる今、時代はまた日和見感染症の克服という新たな難問を突きつけられています。

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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