What is an opportunistic infection? Infection occurs when a pathogen invades and proliferates inside the human body. However, why is it that we do not develop infectious diseases, even though there are many microorganisms in the environment around us, and we also have many normal bacteria in our bodies, including in the intestines? This is because our bodies have a system that works well to defend against infection. Infections caused by weak pathogens in such a weakened immune system are called "opportunistic infections." The relationship between immunity and pathogens Immunity is made up of a variety of mechanisms. It can be broadly divided into two categories: "innate immunity" and "acquired immunity." Innate immunity is On the other hand, acquired immunity is mainly played by lymphocytes and efficiently deals with specific pathogens, but in the case of initial infection, it is difficult to respond quickly. Acquired immunity is further classified into "humoral immunity" that uses antibodies and "cellular immunity" that directly attacks infected cells. Even if the immune system is weakened, the types of pathogens that are likely to cause infection vary depending on which part of the immune system is damaged. For example, natural immunity provided by neutrophils and macrophages, and humoral immunity provided by antibodies, are important against pneumococcus, influenza bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus. If these functions are weakened due to congenital immune deficiency, people may be more susceptible to repeated infections from childhood or to severe infections. On the other hand, viruses, fungi, Causes of opportunistic infections Other than patients with congenital immunodeficiency, people who are prone to immunosuppression include those with diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cerebral infarction/cerebral hemorrhage, severe burns, and trauma. In addition, there are cases where a person falls into a state of immunodeficiency due to medical procedures such as surgery or the administration of immunosuppressants, and this is called iatrogenic immunodeficiency. Treatment methods The first step in treatment is to suppress the pathogens that cause the infection using antibiotics, but because opportunistic infections occur on top of a state of immunodeficiency, it is also necessary to take measures to enhance immune function, such as administering antibodies called immunoglobulins or using a drug called GCSF, which increases white blood cells.However, unless the underlying disease that causes immunodeficiency is improved, the probability of developing an infection is high and treatment is often difficult. Opportunistic infections |
日和見感染とは 感染とは、原因となる病原体がヒトの体内に侵入し、増殖することで起こります。しかし、私たちの周囲の環境には多くの微生物が存在し、また腸管内を始めとして体内にも多くの常在菌を保有しているにもかかわらず、感染症が起こらないのはなぜでしょうか? それは私たちの体内では、感染を防御する仕組みがうまくはたらいているからです。この仕組みを一般的に「 このように免疫能の低下した状態で、弱毒の病原体によって起こる感染症を「日和見感染」と呼んでいます。 免疫と病原体の関わり 免疫は実にさまざまな仕組みによって成り立っています。大きく分ければ「自然免疫」と「獲得免疫」の2つがあります。自然免疫は 一方、獲得免疫ではリンパ球が主としてはたらき、特定の病原体に効率よく対処しますが、初感染の場合は迅速な対応は難しいという面をもっています。さらに獲得免疫は抗体を利用する「液性免疫」と、感染している細胞を直接攻撃する「細胞性免疫」に分類されます。 免疫能が低下するといっても、これらの免疫のなかのどの部分が障害を受けるかによって、感染を起こしやすい病原体の種類も違ってきます。たとえば肺炎球菌やインフルエンザ菌、黄色ブドウ球菌などに対しては、好中球、マクロファージなどによる自然免疫と、抗体による液性免疫が重要です。先天性の免疫不全によってこれらの機能が低下している場合は、小児期から何度も感染を繰り返したり、重症の感染に 一方、ウイルス、真菌、 日和見感染の原因 先天性の免疫不全患者以外で、どのような人が免疫能が低下しやすいかを考えてみますと、がんや糖尿病、脳梗塞・脳出血、高度の熱傷や外傷などの疾患がある人があげられます。また手術や免疫抑制薬の投与など医療行為に伴って免疫不全の状態に陥る場合があり、医原性の免疫不全とも呼ばれています。 治療の方法 治療としては、抗菌薬を用いて感染している病原体を押さえ込むことが第一ですが、日和見感染は免疫不全という状態のうえに成り立つ感染症ですから、免疫グロブリンという抗体を投与したり、GCSFという白血球を増やす薬を用いるなど、免疫機能を高める工夫も必要です。しかし、免疫不全を起こすもともとの病気が改善しなければ、感染症を起こす確率は高く、治療も困難な場合が多いのが現状です。 日和見感染
|
<<: Opportunism - opportunism English
...It has also been reported to have the effect o...
Swiss psychologist and professor at the Universit...
A. Comte's major work, published between 1830 ...
A way of cutting sashimi. Cutting the flesh of squ...
…The representative genera of tabular corals incl...
…The city has a long history, some theories that ...
...It is a small city located 150 km southwest of...
[Noun] A general term for the joruri and kabuki pl...
A method of divination that originated in ancient...
…Among them, Gomukha (Yaksha), Ambikā and Rohiṇī ...
Year of death: July 16, 1573 (August 13, 1573) Yea...
… [Haruyoshi Fukuda] [School architecture in Japa...
…However, today, the following techniques are use...
A British popular newspaper founded by Northcliffe...
...Usually available in sizes of 0.1ml to 100ml. ...