Affiliated school - Fuzokugakko

Generally speaking, it refers to schools attached to national or private universities or higher education institutions, but originally it meant schools established as an attachment to national universities of education or faculties, etc. When normal schools were established in Western countries in the mid-19th century, these attached schools were established as training schools for teaching practice, etc.

In Japan, the first elementary schools were established in 1873 (Meiji 6) as annexed to normal schools, and have been operated together with them ever since. After the Second World War, normal schools were reorganized into national universities and faculties of education, and today almost all of them have kindergartens, elementary schools, junior high schools, and special needs schools attached to them, and some universities and faculties have senior high schools attached to them.

The purpose or role of affiliated schools has been to cooperate with the affiliated national universities and faculties in their research on the education of children, students, and infants, and to conduct student teaching practice according to the university or faculty's plan. In other words, (1) cooperation with the practical and clinical research of universities and faculties, and (2) conducting student teaching practice. Furthermore, (3) because affiliated schools have more substantial facilities, equipment, and teaching staff than general public schools, they have presented advanced practices in local educational research activities.

However, today, there are problems with the fulfillment of the aforementioned role, due to the large distance between universities/faculties and affiliated schools, differences in the views of those involved regarding teacher training, and the need to improve the level of general public schools. Furthermore, because affiliated schools have a unique purpose and role, they employ some form of selective admissions. This has created the image of them as privileged schools only open to certain children and students, and has led to criticism that they have become preparatory schools for higher education amid the fierce competition for entrance exams. This is another problem that affiliated schools face. Furthermore, with the incorporation of national universities, affiliated schools are also facing new problems in terms of their organization and operation. In any case, it is important to build a close cooperative system between universities/faculties and affiliated schools.

In addition to these schools affiliated with universities and faculties of education, there are schools affiliated with private universities, which have played a major role in shaping the individuality and school spirit of private schools. However, in recent years, with the spread of integrated junior and senior high school education and the decline in the number of students due to the falling birthrate, there is a trend for private universities to establish more affiliated schools. Both schools affiliated with universities and faculties of education, and schools affiliated with private universities, need to return to their original purpose and reconsider what they should be.

[Tsubura Kiyoji]

"Study of National University Affiliated Schools: Prospects for "Regeneration" through Institutional History Observations" by Shizumasa Fujieda (1996, Kazama Shobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

一般に、国公立や私立の大学、高等教育機関に付属する学校をいうが、もともとは、国立の教育大学・学部等に付属する形で設立されている学校のことである。このような付属学校は、19世紀中葉に欧米諸国で師範学校が設立されたとき、その実習学校として付設され、教育実習などにあてられた。

　日本では、1873年（明治6）小学校が師範学校に付設されたのが最初で、師範学校と一体となって運営されてきた。第二次世界大戦後、師範学校は国立の教育大学・学部に改編され、今日そのほとんどすべてに幼稚園、小学校、中学校、特別支援学校が、さらに若干の大学・学部に高等学校が付設されている。

　付属学校の目的ないし役割については、その付属する国立大学・学部における児童・生徒・幼児の教育に関する研究に協力し、大学・学部の計画に従い学生の教育実習の実施に当たるとされてきた。つまり、(1)大学・学部の実際的、臨床的な研究への協力、(2)教育実習の実施である。さらに、(3)付属学校は一般の公立学校に比して施設・設備や教員組織が充実していることもあって、地域の教育研究活動に対する先進的な実践の提示を行ってきた。

　しかし、今日、大学・学部と付属学校との距離的な隔たり、教員養成について関係者の考え方の相違、一般公立学校のレベルアップなどがあって、前述の役割の遂行については問題がある。また、付属学校は本来特別な目的・役割をもつため、なんらかの方法で選抜入学を行っている。このことが、特定の児童・生徒の入学する特権的な学校というイメージをつくり、激しい受験競争のなかで進学準備学校化しているとの批判を招いている。これも付属学校の抱えている一つの問題である。さらに、国立大学法人化のなかで、付属学校もその組織・運営等新たな問題に当面している。いずれにしても、大学・学部と付属学校の緊密な協力体制を築いていくことが重要である。

　こうした教育大学・学部の付属学校とは違ったものとして、私立大学の付属学校があり、私立学校の個性、校風の形成に大きな役割を果たしてきた。ただ、近年における中高一貫教育の普及と少子化に伴う児童生徒減少のなかで、私立大学が付属学校を増設する傾向がみられる。教育大学・学部の付属学校も、また私立大学の付属学校もそれぞれ本来の趣旨に立ち返り、そのあり方を考える必要がある。

［津布楽喜代治］

『藤枝静正著『国立大学附属学校の研究：制度史的考察による「再生」への展望』（1996・風間書房）』

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