Puyi - Fug

The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China (Emperor Xuantong, reigned 1908-12), later emperor of "Manchukuo" (Emperor Kangde, reigned 1934-45). His surname was Aisin Gioro. He was of Manchu origin. He was the son of Emperor Guangxu's younger brother Prince Zaifeng. In 1908, before he was three years old, he ascended to the throne as the 12th emperor and called himself Emperor Xuantong. As a result of the Xinhai Revolution, he abdicated in 1912 and continued to live in the Forbidden Palace in Beijing, but was driven out of Beijing in 1924 by a coup d'état led by Feng Yuxiang, and with the assistance of Japan, he lived in seclusion in the Japanese concession in Tianjin. During the Manchurian Incident in 1931, he was secretly taken out by the Japanese army, and in 1932 he became regent of Manchukuo, and in 1934 he became its emperor. The following year he visited Japan, and the false pretense of forming a brotherly pact with the Japanese imperial family was created, which resulted in the construction of the Shinto "Founding Temple" in the "capital" of Xinjing (Changchun). In 1940 he visited Japan for the second time. In 1945 he declared his abdication upon the collapse of Manchukuo, and on his way to Japan he was captured by the Soviet army and interned in Khabarovsk. In August of the following year he appeared as a witness at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Tokyo Trials), and in 1950 he was transferred from the Soviet Union to the People's Republic of China, where he was held in a war criminal management center in Fushun. In 1951 he was granted a special pardon and returned to Beijing, and in 1961 he became an expert member of the Literature and History Research Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In 1964, he wrote and published his extraordinary autobiography, "My Life." In the same year, he was elected to the National Committee of the People's Political Consultative Conference, but passed away in October 1967.

[Ando Hikotaro]

"My Half-Life" (1977, Chikuma Shobo) translated by Shinobu Ono, Shiro Nohara, Junryou Niijima, and Noboru Maruyama

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国の清(しん)朝最後の皇帝（宣統帝、在位1908～12）、のち「満州国」皇帝（康徳帝、在位1934～45）。姓は愛新覚羅(あいしんかくら)。満族。光緒(こうちょ)帝の弟醇(じゅん)親王載灃(さいほう)の子。1908年、3歳にならずして第12代皇帝に即位、宣統帝と称した。辛亥(しんがい)革命の結果、12年退位、そのまま北京(ペキン)の故宮に住んでいたが、24年、馮玉祥(ふうぎょくしょう／フォンユイシヤン)のクーデターによって北京を追われ、日本の援助もあって天津(てんしん／ティエンチン)の日本租界に閑居した。31年（昭和6）「満州事変」に際して日本軍にひそかに連れ出され、32年「満州国」執政、34年その「皇帝」となった。翌年、日本を訪問、日本の皇室と兄弟の契りを結ぶ虚構がつくりだされ、その結果「首都」新京（長春）に神道(しんとう)による「建国大廟(たいびょう)」が建てられた。40年、第2回訪日。45年「満州国」崩壊とともに退位を宣言し、日本に逃れる途中、当時のソ連軍に捕らえられて、ハバロフスクに抑留された。翌年8月、極東国際軍事裁判（東京裁判）の証人として出廷、50年、身柄をソ連から中華人民共和国に移され、撫順(ぶじゅん／フーシュン)の戦犯管理所に収容された。51年、特赦によって北京に帰り、61年、中国人民政治協商会議文史研究委員会の専門委員。64年数奇を極めた自伝『わが半生』を書いて出版した。同年、政治協商会議全国委員に選出されたが、67年10月、死去した。

［安藤彦太郎］

『小野忍・野原四郎・新島淳良・丸山昇訳『わが半生』上下（1977・筑摩書房）』

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