Gustav Theodor Fechner

Japanese: フェヒナー - ふぇひなー(英語表記)Gustav Theodor Fechner
Gustav Theodor Fechner

German scholar. Professor of physics at the University of Leipzig, later professor of philosophy. He made achievements in a wide range of fields, including physics, medicine, psychology, and philosophy. He founded psychophysics by introducing experimental methods into psychology for the first time, and measured the quantitative relationship between the body and mind based on the theory of mind-body parallelism, proposing "Fechner's Law," which asserted that the strength of sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the strength of a stimulus. As a philosopher, he was influenced by Spinoza, Kant, and Schelling, and advocated a pantheistic or panpsychistic metaphysical unified philosophy of nature. He recognized the workings of a universal spiritual substance at the root of the mechanical atomic world, and said that all things have minds, but that since the mind of the universe is the mind of God, all things share this mind and live. He believed in the immortality of the mind and acknowledged the afterlife. He also grasped the concept of beauty from psychological experience, established aesthetics as an empirical science, and advocated "experimental aesthetics," which is "aesthetics from below" as opposed to the philosophical "aesthetics from above."

[Yoshimitsu Senda]

[References] | Weber-Fechner Law | Aesthetics from Below | Aesthetics

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの学者。ライプツィヒ大学物理学教授、のち哲学教授。物理学、医学、心理学、哲学など広い領域にわたって業績を残した。心理学に初めて実験的方法を導入することにより精神物理学を創始し、心身平行説にたって身体と精神の間の量的関係を測定して、「フェヒナーの法則」を提唱、感覚の強さは刺激の強さの対数に比例すると主張した。哲学者としては、スピノザ、カント、シェリングに影響を受けて汎神(はんしん)論的ないし汎心論的な形而上(けいじじょう)学的統一的自然哲学を唱えた。機械的な原子の世界の根底に普遍的な精神的実体の働きを認め、万物は心をもっているが、宇宙の心が神の心であるから、万物はそれを分有して生きているとし、心の不滅を信じて死後の世界を認めた。また美の概念を心理的な経験からとらえ、美学を経験科学として確立し、哲学的な「上からの美学」に対する「下からの美学」である「実験美学」を主張した。

[千田義光]

[参照項目] | ウェーバー‐フェヒナーの法則 | 下からの美学 | 美学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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